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Nos. 16 W. Side Market Sqr. and 49 Roanoke Avenue,
NORFOLK, VA.

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VIRGINIAN JOB PRESSES,
CORNER MAIN AND COMMERCE STREETS, N

1880.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880,
By Cary W. Jones, Norfolk, Va.,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington

NOTICE.

The object of this volume is to give a succinct sketch of Norfolk's
establishment as a City, with brief allusions to those important events in
her history which have conspired to render her great as a Southern
Market and Seaport City ; together with mention of the Principal Trades,
Manufactures and Avenues of Commerce, which in their reciprocal
action tend to increase her prosperity and wealth.

The competition existing to-day between all business centres demands
that Norfolk, with unequalled natural advantages, should have them pro-
claimed to the unacquainted, by one whose experience in their midst
enables him to portray them with reasonable accuracy, certainly to avoid
superfluous coloring.

Care has been taken to render the work worthy the perusal of the
unprejudiced man of business, who looks beyond mere personal ends,
and appreciates the necessity of fostering every public or private
enterprise having in view the promotion of the general good. The
importance of this work is fully appreciated and its shortcomings
apparent to none so much as to the author, who, unlike others, does not
crave for it that " generous criticism, " because he does not claim for it
any literary merit, but designed that it should be a plain exjiose of the
various trades mentioned ; nor does he lose sight of the fact that a par-
donable pride in the City's Prosperity and Growth is the most powerful,
incentive to development and future progress.

The views presented of streets, wharves, public buildings and business
houses, will doubtless prove interesting to those who have not witnessed
the gradual and substantial improvements going on within the City, and
the advertisements displayed throughout the book should claim the
attention of all who have or desire business relations with Norfolk.

With these explanations the work is offered to the merchants in that
section of country tributary, and which should be tributary to Norfolk
as a business centre, with the assurance that whatever their vocation,
they will find the merchants of Norfolk possessed, as a class, of rare
business acumen, liberality in its broadest sense, and ready at all times
to extend every possible courtesy to their patrons.

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NORFOLK.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

ORD BACON in his classification of learning, assigns to History
& everything that is related immediately to the memory ; "I would
thus include all the particular facts and events that are known by the
senses, as distinguished from Philosophy, which is the sum of the general
and necessary truths that are known by the reason, .and from Poetry
which treats the realm of the imagination. " In presenting to our
readers & History of Norfolk, our space will not permit us to use the
term with the comprehensive definition of Lord Bacon, but simply to
give a succinct description of its settlement and its advancement in the
scale of commercial importance from the time of its establishment in
1682 until the present date, 1880.

The name of Virginia was given to the Colony of which Norfolk was
once the principal settlement, and the State of which it is now the principal
seaport, in honor of Elizabeth, England's Virgin Queen. In 1583,
Sir Walter Raleigh fitted out an expedition to America, but being pre-
vented by an accident from making the voyage, he gave the command to
his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who, having obtained a patent
from Queen Elizabeth, which authorized him to " explore and appro-
priate remote and barbarous lands, unoccupied by Christian powers, and
to hold them as fiefs or estates of the crown, " sailed from Plymouth in
June, 1583, with five ships, and reached Newfoundland of which he
took possession in the name of the Queen.

One of his vessels had turned back when but two days out; another
was abandoned at Newfoundland, and a third was lost, with nearly 100
men ; and Sir Humphrey himself, during the voyage home, went down
in one of the remaining two. Raleigh, however, was not discouraged,
but obtaining a more extensive patent and the title of "Lord Proprietor "

6

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

over an extensive region, fitted out two vessels under Philip Amidas and
Arthur Barlow, who landed in Ocracoke Inlet, on the shore of North
Carolina, on the 13th day of July, 1584, and returned to England in
September following with glowing accounts of their discoveries. Then
it was that Queen Elizabeth, called the newly formed region " Virginia,' >
and conferred on Raleigh the honor of Knighthood.

In 1585, Raleigh fitted out a fleet of seven ships, which left the harbor
of Plymouth on the 9th of April of that year, with one hundred and
eighty colonists for the coast of Virginia. Sir Richard Grenville was
commander of the squadron and Ralph Lane accompanied it as Governor

CITY HALL.

of the colony, with Amidas as his assistant. Thomas Harriot, an eminent
mathematician and astronomer, also accompanied the expedition. Gren-
ville, instead of sailing at once for the colony, cruised among the West
Indies preying upon the rich Spanish merchantmen, and thus engendered
among the colonists a spirit ill calculated to educate them for peace-
ful tillers of the soil, and delayed their arrival on the American coast
until late in June, when they barely escaped shipwreck on a point of
land which, from that circumstance, he named Cape Fear. After
weathering this point, they reached, by sailing up the coast, Ocracoke

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. (

Inlet and landed on Eoanoke Island. Harriot had been Raleigh's tutor
in mathematics, and being deeply interested in the results of the expedi-
tion, did all he could to restrain the avarice of the colonists, who were
more anxious to secure gold and plunder than to make a peaceful settle-
ment of the soil.

But Harriot could not control the passions of Governor Lane and the
other colonists, and dissensions arose between them and the natives. Gov.
Lane, thinking that there was a conspiracy to destroy his colony, invited

VIEW OF HARBOR.— LOOKING DOWN THE RIVER.

the King of the natives, Wingina, and his chiefs to a conference. They
came, without weapons, and at a preconcerted signal Lane and his men fell
upon them, and murdered them all in cold blood. This made enemies
of those natives who before were friends, and each party stood on the
defensive. The English, their supplies exhausted, could only depend
on the woods and waters for a precarious subsistence, and the arrival
of Sir Francis Drake with his fleet, who took them back to England,
was their only deliverance. Sir Francis Drake's ships were scarcely out

8

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

of sight of the coast, before a vessel with supplies for the colony
arrived, but finding no one there, it returned to England. Lane and
his associates having contracted a taste for smoking tobacco, which
was common among the natives, carried a supply of it to England
and soon it became so popular that the demand was greater than
the supply. It is even said that Queen Elizabeth herself became
enamored of the weed, and that on one occasion, while she was
smoking, Raleigh made her a wager that he could tell the
weight of the smoke that she puifed from her lips in a given time. The
Queen accepted the wager, Raleigh weighed the tobacco he put into her
pipe, and after she had smoked it, weighed the ashes and claimed as the
weight of the smoke the difference between the two. The Queen
acknowledged that she had lost, but insisted he was the first alchemist

HYGEIA HOTEL, OLD POINT COMFORT, VA.

who had turned smoke into gold. A modern chemist would dispute the
correctness of his test.

Raleigh was not disheartened by his reverses, but the report of his
friend Harriot was so satisfactory that, in 1587 he sent out another
colony under Governor John White, with a squadron of three ships who
sailed for Chesapeake Bay, where the proprietor intended to locate a set-
tlement. White reached Roanoke Island and found the fort built by
Lane destroyed and the huts overgrown with weeds, and inhabited by
deer. White planted the colony there and returned to England. While
there Manteo, a friendly native, came with his mother and relatives from
Croatan Island and invited them to his domain; White took the oppor-
tunity to baptize Manteo and conferred on him the title of Baron, and
" Lord of Roanoke, " the first and last peerage ever created on the
shores of our Republic.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

9

Shortly after White returned to England. He left as colonists 89
men, 17 women and 2 children. One of these was his daughter Eleanor,
who had married Mr. Dare, one of the Governor's assistants. Mrs. Dare
about a month after her arrival gave birth to the first child of English
parents born in the New World, and called her name Virginia after the
Province. Governor White carried back with him a quantity of potato
plants, aod touching at Ireland left there the germs of what has since

St. PAUL'S CHURCH, ERECTED IN 1739;
(From an Address for benefit of Ladies' Parish Aid Society. For sale by B. A. Marsden, Treas'r.)

become the staple crop of the Emerald Isle. When he reached England
he found all excitement from the threatened invasion of the Span-
iards, and it was not until April, 1588, that by great exertion
Raleigh was able to send White back with two ships loaded with sup-
plies. Instead of taking a straight course for Virginia, White cruised to
secure Spanish plunder, and his vessels became so unseaworthy that he
was compelled to return to England, and it was not until 1590 that, with
two ships, he reached Roanoke Island to find it deserted. What had

io

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE":

become of the colonsits is a mystery to this day. Perhaps, says a writer t
" The ' Lord of Roanoke ' had taken them to Croatan Island, and twenty
years after, when Jamestown was settled, Virginia Dare was a fair young
Indian Queen. Who can tell ? v

Thus ended Sir Walter Raleigh's fruitless efforts to establish his colony
of Virginia. He had spent £40,000 and at Queen Elizabeth's death, in
1603, there was not, so far as known, a single Englishman established
in America.

The gifted Raleigh had staked his all, his hopes of advancement and

MAIN STREET.— LOOKING WEST FROM CHURCH ST.

emolument, the smiles of his sovereign and success of his life upon this,
his gigantic effort to gain a footing in the " New World," to be called
Virginia in honor of his Queen. He failed, and his head was
the price paid for his service. But the spirit of Raleigh animated others
of his countrymen, and ten years before his death his scheme for coloniz-
ing Virginia was accomplished, and a settlement made at Jamestown.
On the 19th of December, 1606, Captain Christopher Newport, with
three small vessels and one hundred and five colonists, left England for
the new world. This was the first colony sent out by the London
company. They profited by the experience of* former expeditions, and
selected some score of farmers and mechanics to accompany the expedi-

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

11

tion. Captain Newport being unacquainted with the direct course, did not
reach land until April, 1607, and while searching for Roanoke Island
he encountered a severe storm, which compelled him to take refuge in
Chesapeake Bay on the 26th of that month. Newport named th« two
headlands of this noble Bay, capes Charles and Henry, in honor of the
two sons of his sovereign James I, and from the comfortable harbor he
found in the vast roadstead which flows into the bay opposite its mouth,
he named the northern point " Point Comfort." After rounding this
point he sighted a beautiful river, which in honor of his King he named

St. MARY'S (CATHOLIC) CHURCH.— HOLT AND CHAPEL STREETS;

the James. The fleet sailed up the river some distance, and on the
13th of May selected a site for the colony and began the settlement of
Jamestown.

To Captain John Smith the success of this 'settlement is mainly due*
To his indomitable energy and wise policy the colony was indebted
for its very existence during the troublous times of its early days, and
his friendly acts towards the natives served him in the moment of peril
when he was saved from instant death by Pocahontas. The history

12

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

of this great man, the noblest type of the earliest settlers, is as familiar
as household words, and needs no further notice at our hands.

On the 8th of June, 1680, one hundred and eighty-eight years after
the discovery of America, and seventy- three after the settlement of
Jamestown, an Act of Assembly was passed which authorized the purchase
of fifty acres of land for the town of Norfolk. In 1662, two hundred
acres of the land now included in the city of Norfolk, belonged to
Lewis Vandermull, who, that year, sold it to Nicholas Wise, Sr., a
shipwright.

The act for the purchase of this land was called, " an Act for co-habi-
tation and encouragement of trade and manufacture," and instructs that
the price paid for " the land shalbe tenn thousand pounds of tobacco and
caske, which sum the owner or owners thereof shalbe and are hereby

MAIN AND GRANBY STREETS.

constrained to accept, take, and receive, as free and valueable price for
the said land forever." This act assigned to any person who would
build a dwelling and warehouse upon it, half an acre of said land in fee
simple, on payment to the county of one hundred pounds of tobacco and
cask, the building to be commenced within three months after assignment.
The act further required all produce of the colony to be brought to
the warehouses established, one in each settlement under this act, for
storage, sale or shipment, and the penalty for failure to comply with this
act was a forfeiture of the products. The act also provided, that " all
goods, wares, English servants, negroes, and other slaves and merchan-
dise whatsoever that shalbe imported into this colony from and after the
29th of day September, which shalbe in the yeare 1681, shalbe landed on
shore, bought and sould at such appointed places aforesaid, and at noe
other place whatsoever, under like penalty and forfeiture thereof."

ITS PftfNCTDAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

13

Tobacco sent to these warehouses was exempt from all executions, attach-
ments, &c. So important was the establishment of trade marts considered,
that it was further provided that all who would "cohabitt, dwell, and
exercise their trades within the said appointed place," should be exempt
from the arrest of their persons or seizure of their property for debts
previously contracted for five years, from the publication of the act.

On the 16th of August, 1682, the site of the present city was selected
in " Lower Norfolk County, on Nicholas Wise, his land on Eastern
Branch of the Elizabeth River, at the entrance of the branch," and
purchased from Nicholas Wise, a carpenter of Elizabeth River Parish, and
son of Nicholas Wise above named. The advantages of the situation had

S. A. STEVENS'* CO.'S WAEEHOUSE, MAIN AND GRANBY STS.

attracted so many to the new settlement, that in October, 1705, Norfolk
was, by act of Assembly > established as a Town. The town of Norfolk-
continued to flourish until 1736, when by royal charter under date of
September loth of that year, it was made a Borough. The
charter defined the duties of the Mayor and other officials, and Samuel
Boush was appointed Mayor, Sir John Randolph^ Recorder, and George
Newton, Samuel Boush, Jr., John Hutchings, Robert Tucker, John
Taylor, Samuel Smith, Jr., James Ivey and Alexander Campbell, were
named Aldermen. When the Borough was incorporated, its northern
boundary ran from the cove at Town Bridge, (now the intersection of
Church and Charlotte streets), in a westerly direction to the river, but
in 1761 the limits were enlarged by an act of Assembly, so as to include

14 NOTCFOT.K? AS' A BTJSINKSS CENTRE ;

4 all the land south of a line running from the head of Newton's creek.
to the head of Smith's creek." "In 1807 a new survey was ordered,
and the line between" the heads of the two creeks designated by stone
landmarks." The "jurisdiction of the city now extends over a space
of about eight hundred acres;

On January 20th, -ISSQ; the Virginia Assembly passed an' act granting
the freeholders of Norfolk tlie " privilege of electing the Mayor of the
Borough." , i >

Y'JKW OF HAKBOK, WITH NAVY YAKD A\l> BERKLEY IN T1IK DTST.AJfCK.

On February 13tb, 1845, by act of Assembly the charter of Norfolk
was altered and it became a CITY. From this time the commercial
prosperity of Norfolk dates. ■ , «

Norfolk, the first city and chief ' seaport of .Tide- Water Virginia, is
situated on the Elizabeth river just below the. confluence of' the Eastern
and Southern branches of that i river, in latitude o0° .50' 50".- From
Norfolk the Elizabeth flo^ws in a broad and deep channel eight miles to
Hampton Roads, where '. it mingles its; waters with those of ; the N;mse-
niond and the Jamefev fetching ttliet.fin'est roadstead on .the. Atlantic Const.

ITS PRINCIPAL iNHrtjsTRlES AND TRADES-.

15

The waters of Hampton Roads connect with those of Chesapeake Bay
and both reach the Atlantic Ocean through the gateway of the Capes of
Virginia, Cape Charles and Cape Henry. Within 50 or 60 miles of
these Capes runs that favored highway of mariners, The Gulf Stream)
whose friendly current bears the commerce of America to England and

CUSTOM HOUSE.

the Continent, with accelerating speed through the rougher waters of the

ocean.

The late Commodore Maury, of the Confederate Navy, better known
to the world as Lieutenant Maury, the greatest of physical geographers
of the present century, in his Physical Survey of Virginia, has demon-
strated the commercial advantages of Norfolk with an array of facts and
figures from which we shall largely quote as indisputably authoritative.
Referring to the geographical position of this city, he says :

lb*

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

"Naturally and both in a geographical and military point of view,
Norfolk with Hampton Roads at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay as its
lower harbor, and San Francisco inside of the Golden Gate in California,
occupy — one on the Pacific, the other on the Atlantic — the most important
maritime positions that lie within the domains of the United States.
They curtain the entire ocean front of the country East and West.

Each holds the commanding point on its own side; each has the finest
harbor on its coast ; and each, with the most convenient ingress and
egress for ships, is as safe from wind and wave as shelter can make them.
Nor is access 1o either ever interrupted by the frosts of winter. In the
harbors of each, there is water and room to berth not only all the sdiips
of commerce, but the navies of the world also.

CORNER WATER AND MADISON STREETS.

Government, appreciating the importance of these two havens of the
■sea in their military aspects, has designated them as the principal naval
stations on each coast.

The Chesapeake Bay is a "king's chamber" in the bosom of Vir-
ginia which no belligerent may enter with other than good intent. It
affords the finest harbors on the coast, and, moreover, they are those
farthest to the north on the Atlantic side of the continent that are never
obstructed by ice. It is Virginia water, for it passes through her bor-
ders to the sea, and enters it between her own capes. Just between these

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

17

capes, and under their shelter, lie Hampton Roads and Lynnhaven Bay
— the " Spit Head " and the u Downs " of America.

To the sonth, all the seaport towns as for as the Reefs of Florida, have
their harbors obstructed by bare over which the larger vessels of com-
merce can never pass; and the extent of back country, naturally tribu-
tary to them, is, in comparison with that which is tributary to the sea-
port towns of Chesapeake Bay, very small It does not extend beyond
the drainage of these rivers.

WATER STREET, LOOKING EAST FROM COMMERCE ST,

The harbors that lie north of the Chesapeake are liable to obstrtie*
tions by ice every winter, and their approaches are often endangered by
the fogs which prevail in their offings.

This noble sheet of water, with its spacious harbors, is large enough to
accommodate shipping sufficient to afford transportation for all the pro-
ducts aud merchandise of the West were they a thousand-fold mure
abundant than they are ; and it is the most convenient point on the
entire coast for distributing them north and south along the Atlantic
seaboard, or for sending them to markets beyond the sea.

4*

.ximt'ohii as- a~ mists i-:$s centre;

. As for. back country considered with regard to extent, fertility, and
material resources, there is no sheet of water in the world that has such
.sources of "commercial wealth tributary to it as a judicious system of
mterua] improvement would bring into connection with the Chesapeake
Bay. |

Geographically considered, the harbors of Norfolk and Hamptoni
Roads and Nqw York, occupy most important and commanding positions-
on the Atlantic coast of the United States. They are more convenient
to the ocean than Baltimore, Philadelphia and Boston are, because they
are not so far from the sea.

QtJIMBY MARKET, CORNER CHURCH \M> QUEES STREETS.

Depth of water that can be carried out and distance from the sea.

Distouce from Sea. f »«j>t ii of Water

Hampton Road* .... 15 miles. 30 feet.

New York . . ■ . . .30 " 23 "

Boston . . . . . 100 " 21 "

Philadelphia ,; . : . . 100 " 2:5 "

Baltimore . . • . ■ . 1.60 " 16 "

Between each of the last three and the sea, there is a tedious bay naviga-
tion, but each of the first two is situated upon a well sheltered harbor
that opens right out upon the sea with beautiful offings, those of Hamp-
ton Roads surpassing the other in all HW requirements of navigation

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES ANT) TR'.VDES.

1$

both as to facility of ingress and egress,. certainly of' land fall, depth of
water, and holding ground. "

Comparing Norfolk with New York geographically, Com. Maury
shows that Norfolk; is nearer the central States of 'the Mississippi valley
than New York. ' This he demonstrates by a map upon which are taken
two points equidistant from New York and Norfolk — one of these points
being located on the sea-coast of the Atlantic, the1 other on the Pacific—
a line is then drawn between the two. AlL.poi.nls .North of this line,
are nearer New York, all points South of it nearer Norfolk. It will
thus be seen that all the great cities of the West, Chicago, St. Louis,
Cincinnati, Louisville, and the States of Kansas, Iowa, Indiana, Illinois,

UPSHUR'S GUANO. WORKS, BAIN'S WHARF, PORTSMOUTH.

Missouri and nearly all Ohio, are geographically nearer to the Capes of
Virginia than to Sandy Hook. The completion of the James River
and Kanawha Canal to the Ohio River, would furnish eontinous water
navigation from IFort Benton at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, 3,100
miles above the mouth of the Missouri, to Norfolk, a distance of 4,685
miles, and make tributary to this city the whole of the hydrographic
basin of the Mississippi north of the mouth of the Ohio. The rapid
growth of the West, its increasing preponderance in government influ-
ence- and the demands for cheap transportation of the enormous products
which already choke the present avenues of commerce between the two
sections, nuist ere long comp^thc opening of new highways which shall

'10

2sOTtF'oLK' AS A HtS SI SflSS CENTRE?

combine the elements of cheapness and amplitude. All the interior
west of the Alleghany Mountains and north of Tennessee, is now com-
mercially tributary to New York, Philadelphia or Baltimore, but the
time is coming when the necessities of the nation will compel the
recogition and utilization of the geographical and topographical advan-
tages of Norfolk. Nature has given as the position and the nation*
must eventually avail itself of it,

COMMENCE STREET.-— FROM WATER TO M.UN S1H

Beginning its existence as a City, as we have said, in 1845, immediate
prosperity seems to have attended its new state, as shown by the increase
in the assessed value of Real Estate, the rapid growth of its trade and
the development of a spirit of enterprise, which soon launched the new
city into a current of progress. At that time, its only avenue of commu-
nication with the interior, beside its county roads, were the natural ones
furnished by the waters tributary to the Chesapeake, and the Dismal
Swamp Canal, connecting it with the Sounds of North Carolina and the

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

21

rivers emptying into them. This Canal was opened in the year 1828,
the United States Govern ment.and the State of Virginia being its largest
stockholders, and for many years it has poured into the lap of Norfolk a
large and remunerative trade in lumber and naval stores. Of recent
years this Canal has been burdened by a large debt, and recently it was
sold to satisfy the lien of the bondholders, and purchased at a very
reasonable price by a company oi wealthy citizens of Norfolk and others,

NORFOLK VIRGINIAN BUILDING.— CORNER MAIN AND COMMERCE STREETS.

who propose to make all the improvements necessary to its successful
and profitable working. Running as it does through one of the finest
lumber regions in the world, and connecting with the Sounds of North
Carolina, the business that will pass over it must be large and profitable
to those who purchased it.

In 1853, the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad was begun, and in
1859 it was completed to Petersburg, where it met the Southside Road,

99

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

running- from Petersburg to Lynchburg, and there connecting with the
Virginia and Tennessee Road to Bristol. These three Roads, before
the Jate war, were owned by seperate and generally conflicting interests,
and the consequence was that little more than a way business was done
by any of them. The termination of the war found them all in a most
lamentable condition — their treasuries empty, their credit destroyed, their
bridges, many of them, burned, their rails, in many places, torn up, and

MAPP & CO.'S STOVE HOUSE.- WATER ST. AND ROANOKE AVE.

what were not torn up, worn out, and their rolling stock in a most
delapidated plight. For a year or two after the war they struggled on
in a lingering attempt, at separate existence, until finally, in an auspicious
hour for Norfolk, a consolidation of the three Roads was effected, under
the name of the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, with a charter
that provided for the extension of the consolidated Road to meet the
system of Kentucky Roads, and authorized a loan of $15,000,000 to

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTKIES AND TRADES.

23

repair and properly equip the whole line. A large part of this loan was
negotiated in Europe, and the consolidated line was placed in first-class
condition and supplied with all the necessary rolling stock. The
consolidation of these Roads, with their terminus at Norfolk, at once
gave to this City advantages which it never before possessed, and brought

JAMES REID A CO.'S BAKERY, 87 MAIN STREET.

us iii direct and unbroken communication with the interior, as far Wes,t
us Memphis. The Atlantic, Mississippi <fe Ohio lioad now stretches its
consolidated length of 408 miles from Norfolk, at one end of the State,
to Bristol, at the other— where it connects with the East Tennessee,

24

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

Virginia & Georgia Road, to Chattanooga, and there with the Memphis
& Charleston Road to Memphis, on the Mississippi. Freights between
Memphis and all points East of it, and this city, are carried both ways
without breaking bulk, and cars loaded in Memphis with cotton are brought
through direct to our wharves and their freight delivered to the ship that is
to carry it to Europe, or other foreign destination. More than that, bills
of hiding are now delivered in Memphis for cotton coming over this line,
to Liverpool or other foreign ports. A glance at the map will show that

CHERRY & CO.

'S STOVE AND 0 BILLUPS' A(tKICTU,TURAL IMPLEMENT HOUSES,
WATER ST. ANT) ROANOKE AVE.

the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Road, with the connections we have
mentioned, passes through Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and
Mississippi. But in most of these States this trunk line is intersected by
other Roads, crossing it North and South and thus forming feeders that
bring their tribute to swell its transportation. Among others, Ave may
mention the Cincinnati Southern, which, coming down from Cincinuatti.
meets it at Chattanooga, and being of the same guage, can deliver its
freight in cars that will run down over the trunk line to Norfolk with
bulk unbroken. This line has just been opened, and it furnishes us an

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

25

all rail connection with Cincinnati and the great cities of the West,
beyond it Hitherto freights from this direction, to this city, have been
obliged to break bulk, either at Huntington, on the Chesapeake & Ohio
Road, or at Baltimore, on the Baltimore •& Ohio Road, At Chattanooga
we also meet the Nashville, Chattanooga •& St. Louis Railroad, connecting
us with Nashville and St. Louis, and the Alabama <fc Chattanooga Road,
running down through Alabama 295 miles, to Meridian, Mississippi,
and connecting there with the Vicksburg & Meridian Road, running

FIRE DEPARTMENT, AND BOARD OF WATER COMMISSIONERS' BUILDING
WILLIAMS AND TALBOT STREETS.

through the heart of Mississippi to Vicksburg. At Dalton, Georgia, we
meet the Western & Atlantic Road from Atlanta, Georgia, the great
Southern Railroad centre, and the Selma, Rome <v Dalton Road, running
236 miles through Alabama, to Selma and Montgomery. At Decatur,
Alabama, we cross the Louisville, Nashville & Great Southern Road,
running from Nashville, Tennessee, to Montgomery, Alabama, 300 miles.
At Corinth, we intersect the Mobile & Ohio Road, running 250 miles
due South, through the State of Mississippi, and thence 83 miles to Mobile,

26

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

Alabama, where it connects with the New Orleans and Mobile Road, to
New Orleans. At Grand Junction, Tennessee, we connect with the
Mississippi Central, running south through Holly Springs and Grenada,
to Jackson, Mississippi, and thence to Vicksburg and New Orleans.
And at Memphis we strike the Mississippi River, the greatest of all the
water highways of the country, and there tap the mighty commerce that
mingles in its volume, the grain of the West and the cotton of the South.
At Memphis, too, we find the Eastern terminus of the Memphis & Little
Rock Railroad, stretching out beyond the Mississippi, through the corn
and cotton fields of Arkansas, to Little Rock, and thence onward, with

A. WRENN & SON'S CARRIAGE MANUFACTORY, 24 ct 20 WATER STREET.

its connections, to the Empire State of Texas, producing this year more
than a million bales of cotton, the greatest part of which, must seek
ultimate shipment from the Atlantic coast. With such a system of
connecting Roads, all of which contribute, more or less, to the quota of
our commerce, it is not strange that the receipts at Norfolk over the
Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Road have steadily increased year to year,
until at this date — February 1st, 1880 — the amount of cotton alone,
received over its rails since September 1st, 1879, loots np to 177,069
bales, an average of nearly 1,200 bales per day. The Atlantic Missis-
sippi and Ohio Road with its connections South and West, forms a
system of transportation known as The Virginia and Tennessee Air
Line, over which in connection with our coastwise steam lines, immense
freights are shipped between the Northern Cities ami all points South,
axid West, via Norfolk.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

27

In 185] the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad was completed from
Portsmouth to Weldon, North Carolina. This Road, like all others,
suffered greatly during the war in the loss of bridges, destruction of
rails and depreciation of rolling stock; but immediately after the war
the work of repair and restoration was begun, and it was soon placed in
complete running order. Forming as it does a connecting link between
Norfolk and the whole system of Roads throughout the States of the
South Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, it is one of the main arteries of our trade.

The Seaboard & Roanoke Road, runs from Portsmouth to Weldon,
North Carolina, where it connects with the Raleigh and Gaston Road

EXCHANGE NATIONAL BANK.— MAIN STREjET.

leading to Raleigh, the capital ciiy of North Carolina, where it meets
with the Raleigh and Augusta Road running to Hamlet. South Carolina,
and then intersects the Carolina Central Road from Wilmington to
Charlotte. At Charlotte we find the Atlantic, Tenn. and Ohio, connect-
ing with the North Carolina Road to Ashville, the Charlotte, Columbia
and Augusta Road to Columbia and Augusta, and the Atlanta and
Charlotte Air Line leading to Atlanta, Georgia, and there striking the
whole system of railroads of Western Georgia, From Atlanta, the
Atlanta and West Point and Western Alabama Roads extend to Mont-
gomery, where they connect with the Mobile and Montgomery Road to
Mobile, and thence via the New Orleans and Mobile Road to New Orleans.
All these Roads, starting from Norfolk on the Seaboard & Roanoke

Z8 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

Road, with one or two exceptions, give through bills of lading to Nor-
folk, and constitute what is known as the "Seaboard Air Line."

The Seaboard & Roanoke Road also forms the connecting link from
Norfolk with the Roads composing "The Atlantic Coast Line." This-
system starting from Norfolk over the Seaboard and Roanoke Road, at
Weldon takes the Wilmington and Weldon Road to Wilmington, thence
connecting with the Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta Road t<v
Columbia, where it meets the Spartansburg and Union Railroad Uv
Spartansburg?and the Greenville and Colombia Road to Greenville, with
branches to Laurens and Blue Ridge, S. C At Florence, on the W. C. cv:

MARKET SQUARE. LOOKING EAST FROM COR. BANK AND MAIN STS.

A. Road, it connects with the Cheraw and Darlington Railroad to Cheraw,
and with the North Carolina Eastern Railroad to Charleston; S. C. ;:
whence it extends by way of the Savannah and Charleston Road to
Savannah, and thence via the Atlantic and Gulf Road and the Florida
Central Road to Jacksonville, Florida.

The Atlantic Coast Line with its trunk roads, runs the entire length
of the South Atlantic Coast from Norfolk to Jacksonville, taking in the
chief seaport cities, (whence its name), and is moreover fed by numerous
connections with Roads running up through the central and western
parts of the Carolinas and Georgia.

At Columbia, S. C, the Atlantic Coast Line meets the Piedmont Air
Line extending over the Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Road to»

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. - 29

Augusta, aud over the Georgia Road to Atlanta, Macon and Athens.

It will thus be seen that Norfolk is connected by the most numerous

and abundant avenues of transportation, with all the South Atlantic and

Gulf States. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi,

HOSPITAL ST. VINCENT De PAUL.-CHURCH AND WOOD STS.

are reached by various routes that afford the amplest conveniences for
the carriage of the products of these States, to the best harbor on the
Atlantic coast. The reader, with the map before him, can well see why
Norfolk has already attracted to herself a large share of these products,
and is already the third cotton port of the country. Our receipts of cotton

30

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

from September 1st, 1879, to February 1st, 1880, were over 424,000 bales.
Of this amount 199,000 were received via the Seaboard and Roanoke
Road.

This great staple, which in past years passed by our door on to Balti-
more or New York, now finds both its best home market and its most
convenient place of foreign shipment here. The great increase of cotton
receipts in this city, gives the gratifying assurance that the planters of a,
large portion of the South have fixed on Norfolk as the most profitable
mart for their cotton, and that the future will bring to us still greater and
more abundant evidence of their confidence.

But it is not alone as a cotton market and a cotton port that Norfolk
is rising into eminence.

■S^Kife^^^^l|

-- ,■! ci ...^ • -■•'"-

W"

OLD DOMINION LACE MF'G CO.'S FACTOBY.— CHESAPEAKE STREET.

The Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio and Seaboard & Roanoke Roads,
bring to us from our own State large and most valuable products, which
are greatly increasing in quantity and value.

The Peanut Crop of Virginia, grown principally in the counties
contiguous to these Roads, has increased from year to year until its cul-
ture has become one of our most productive industries, and this year
will probably bring to this city for market, one million bushels of
peanuts.

From South-West Virginia, we are now receiving for shipment to
England great numbers of beef cattle. No section of the country can
raise finer cattle than those of this region, and this business, now in its
infancy, promises to increase in its magnitude to proportions commensu-
rate with the demand for American beef that is now being developed

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

31

not only in England, but all over Europe. The farmers and cattle-
growers of the Old World, cannot compete, with their high lands and
scarcity of grazing territory, with those of America; and the day is near
at hand when England and all the most thickly settled States of Europe,
will be entirely dependent on this country for meat of all kinds. The
stock raisers of South-West Virginia, in their magnificent and well
watered blue grass lands, have an element of wealth that is now but in
the bud of its development, and that in a few years will yield the most
magnificent returns. The comparative cheapness of land and labor give
them great advantage over the cattle breeders of the Eastern and North-
ern States, while their proximity to market will always enable them

T. A. WILLIAMS & CO.'S WAREHOUSE.— 2 A- 4 ROANOKE SQR.

to compete successfully with those of the Western States. For the
cattle trade of South-West Virginia, Norfolk must be the exclusive
shipping point to Europe.

But the Middle and Western counties of the States through which the
A., M. & O. Road runs, in addition to their agricultural and grazing
advantages, already well known, possess resources of wealth hidden beneath
the soil, which are now being dragged to daylight by the hand of science
and practical industry, and which, in the near luture, will be found to
equal, if they do not exceed, the mineral riches of any section of this
country.

In Tidewater Virginia the chief and most valuable of our deposits is
Marl. This is found in great quantities and variety convenient to
railway and river transportation. Its value can be judged from the fact

32 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

that more than a million tons of marl were used by farmers and truckers
in New Jersey in the year 1868, and its use increased the value of their
lands incalculably. All along the line of the A., M. & O. Road, from
Farmville to Bristol, mineral ores of gold, copper, lead, iron and coal are
found, the latter two in great variety and abundance. Recently, Northern
capital has taken hold of the subject of mining in Virginia, and in the
vicinity of Lynchburg several mines and furnaces have been started by
men whose experience in other localities enables them to appreciate the

NORTH SIDE MAIN STREET, FROM BANK TO ATLANTIC STS.

advantages of the enterprise. Over a million dollars has been invested
in that vicinity in Iron properties in the last few months. The proximity
of the coal and iron regions in what is known as the " Great Appalachian
Coal Field," which is traversed by this Road, in South- West Virginia,
affords advantages for the smelting and manufacture of iron which are
unsurpassed in the world. The lead mines of Wythe county have been
worked many years, and about 30,000,000 pounds have been taken from
them. During the late war they for a long time furnished the principal

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

33

supply of that article for the armies of the Confederacy. Zinc ores are
also found in large quantities in these counties, and at present, shipped
to other States for smelting. The development of the mineral resources
of this region must greatly increase their production, and they must
eventually, either in their crude or manufactured state, come to this
-city for market or shipment.

But in addition to these, we have reason to believe that in a short
time another link in our prosperity will be forged, which will bring
to this city a current of trade and commerce from the great Central and
Western States of the Union.

WRENN. WHITEHURST & CO.^S AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT WAREHOUSE,
28 AND 30 WATER STREET.

Tlie Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad was constructed at an enormous
expenditure of time and money, through the mountains of Virginia.
After the war Mr. C. P. Huntington, the President of the Central Pacific
Railroad, purchased the Virginia Central Road and obtained a charter
from the State authorizing the extension of the Road to the Ohio river.
In 1873, the Road was finished to Huntington, on that River, and since
that time has been operated from Richmond to Huntington. The panic
of 1873, and the general depression which followed, had its effects on the
new Road, already staggering under the load of debt incurred in its

34

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

construction and equipment, and in* common with almost every Road in
the South, it passed into the hands of a Receiver. A short time ago the
Road was sold under decree of Court and purchased by the bondholders,
who have reorganized it under the Presidency of Mr. Huntington and a
Board of Directors, who appreciate the value of their Road and the
improvements which are required to its full development, At the last
meeting of the stockholders the management announced that they were
pushing a connection across the Ohio River, to Lexington, Kentucky,
there to meet the extensive network of Western Roads, leading to Cin-

B™™«iMi^MWMB^B^^B^^BMg™5faa,niga™^'MB«5!tg

NORTH SIDE MAIN STREET, FROM BANK TO CHURCH STS.

cinnati, St, Louis, Chicago and all the cities of the West. They further
announced that they had determined to extend the Eastern end of the
Road " to such a point on the waters of the Chesapeake, as examination
shall show to be possessed of the best water and harbor facilities."
There is no doubt that Norfolk city is the best terminus that the
Chesapeake and Ohio Road can seek. It possesses in the highest degree,
and in fact, exclusively " the harbor facilities " referred to, and we are
satisfied that with proper exertion, the Chesapeake and Ohio Road can
be brought to Norfolk. The expense of bringing it here from Richmond
would be insignificant compared with the immense advantage which

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

30

would accrue to the Road from a terminus on deep water. Already it
brings large quantities of flour and bacon to our city from the West,
which have to be transhipped at Richmond. But with a direct route
from the West to the wharves at Norfolk, they would run their cars
from St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Pauls, Omaha and San
Francisco, if they pleased, to the best harbor on the Atlantic coast, and
dump their bulk into the spacious holds of the largest ships known to the

NORTH SIDE MAIN .STREET, FROM ATLANTIC TO COMMERCE STS.

Commerce of the World. To accomplish this, all that is necessary is the
construction of a Road from Richmond to Norfolk — 90 miles — or an
arrangement with the present Roads between the two citi s, by which
the Chesapeake and Ohio Road shall be allowed to run a track of proper
guage on the roadbeds of these Roads. The best interests of the Chesa-
peake and Ohio Road, and of Norfolk, require that this should be done,
and we have sio doubt it will l>e done and that speedily.

This Road opens up to development the finest coal and iron deposits in
this country, and when they are fully developed, they will, themselves,

36

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

pay immense profits, by the transportation of their products. But it
does more, it penetrates with its connections the richest region of the
great State of Kentucky, being the only line that crosses her Eastern
frontier and opens up for her farmers and graziers an avenue to the
Atlantic coast. But still more, it is the main link of a great through
line, which will give another means of escape to the grain of the Central
and Western States, now wasted for want of transportation, and relieve
the present trunk lines of their engorgement. It will afford a direct all
rail highway from any point in the West to the Atlantic. It will do for
Norfolk what the Baltimore and Ohio Road has done for Baltimore.

ACADEMY, AND NORFOLK LIBRAKY ASSOCIATION BUILDING.
Bank. Charlotte and Cumberland Streets.

Norfolk has for many years been one of the leading wood and lumber
markets on the Atlantic coast. The canals and rivers of Eastern
Virginia and North Carolina, afford cheap water transportation for the
wood grown and lumber manufactured upon their banks, and the number
and capacity of the saw mills tributary to this City is increasing every year.
The pineries of Tide-water Virginia and North Carolina, afford an*
abundance of wood and lumber at very reasonable prices, and the cheap-
ness of water carriage give our lumber men and mill owners an advan-
tage over most of the lumber markets. This industry has suffered, with
all others, in the past few years, but is now fast reviving with the

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

37

returning prosperity of the country. The value of the lumber trade,
including staves and railroad ties, is now not less than $2,000,000 this
year, with every prospect of large increase.

The climate of Norfolk is one of its chief attractions to those who
value health and comfort. Exempt alike from extremes of heat in Sum-
mer and cold in Winter, its atmosphere is always balmy, tempered as it
is by our proximity to the sea. For several Winters past, invalids from
the North have been making Norfolk their retreat from the vigorous
climate of their own homes. Many, on their way to Florida, stopping

PURCELL HOUSE.— MAIN AND CHURCH STREETS.

over here for rest, have been so pleased with our genial clime as to give
up the idea of going further South, finding here all the advantages of
a mild, genial atmosphere without the debilitating warmth of the Florida
climate. Up to this date, (February 4th) there have not been half a
dozen days on which ice has formed, but it is proper to state that this
Winter has so far been milder than usual. Generally speaking, the
thermometer ranges during the Winter from 40° to 20° above zero, it
being exceedingly rare for it to go so low as zero. While the harbor of
Baltimore is frozen up almost every year, such a thing has not happened

38 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

in Norfolk since the Winter of 1856-7, remembered all over the country
as the severest Winter of the century.

The climate in Summer is not so hot here as it is in the cities of the
North and West, as shown by a comparison of thermometer ranges.
One great advantage we enjoy over all interior localities is the cooling
sea breeze, which every evening brings us from the Ocean, rendering our
nights always pleasant, no matter how hot the day. During the Sum-
mer the people of Norfolk have also the benefit of daily excursions on
the rivers and Chesapeake Bay and out to the Capes. Old Point Com-

JOHN W. BURROW'S DRUG STORE, 142 MAIN STREET.

fort, the site of Fortress Monroe, the largest military post on the coast,
is within an hour's ride from Norfolk on the various lines of steamers to
Baltimore, Washington, Kichmond and the Eastern Shore, touching-
there on their way twice a day, and the special excursions steamers
leaving in the afternoon and returning at night. The Hyo-eia Hotel
situated here, occupies a most beautiful position on the beach, command-
ing a magnificent view of the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads.
This famous Summer resort is thronged with visitors from all parts of
the country during the Summer season, seeking refuge from the heat of

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

39

the interior. The atmosphere of Old Point is always bracing, the breezes
that sweep over Hampton Roads tempering the hottest days, and render-
ing it always comfortable.

Another most delightful Summer resort has been opened at our very
doors by the construction of the Ocean View Railroad from Norfolk to
a point on the beach looking out on the Ocean through the Capes of
Virginia. The surf bathing on this beach is unsurpassed anywhere on
the coast, and has the great recommendation of being entirely safe. No
ropes or artificial means of protection are necessary, there being no under-
tow. The distance from Norfolk is only eight miles, and the run is

WATER STREET.— WEST FROM ROANOKE AVE.

made in about twenty minutes. The Ocean View Railroad Company
built last Summer a hotel which proved entirely inadequate to the
demand, and they are now erecting spacious buildings for the accommo-
dation and amusement of guests. They propose to run trains at short
intervals throughout the day and up to raid-night, at a reasonable fare,
thus giving our citizens and visitors constant means of access to the Coney
Island of Norfolk. These advantages recommend Norfolk to those who
desire to combine the conveniences of a city with the special attractions of a
watering place. Visitors can at their choice lodge in the spacious and

40

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

well kept hotels of our City and ride down to the beach at their conve-
nience on the trains at inconsiderable cost, or take quarters in the hotels
on the seashore itself.

Nowhere in the world can be found better bathing and fishing than
at these watering places at our threshold, and strangers will find upon
their tables all the delicacies of our waters — fish, crabs, oysters, in the
greatest abundance and of the best quality and flavor — together with the
finest and freshest of vegetables and fruit with which our markets teem
in their season.

One great advantage possessed by a large part of our laboring popula-
tion is the continuity of work, which is afforded them by the variety of

NAVAL HOSPITAL.

labor needed by our leading industries. The whole region around
Norfolk, for ten miles, and stretching in some directions, 25 or 30 miles
is a vast vegetable and fruit garden, in which are raised the early
vegetables and fruits for all the cities of the North. The amount of land
and capital invested in implements, manures, seed, &c, cannot be
approximately estimated from any data at our command, but it must foot
up many million of dollars. From early in the Spring until late in the
Fall a constant succession of crops employs the care of the trucker and
the labor of his hands. Thousands of men, women and children are
employed daily in gathering, packing and shipping the products of our
truck . farms, at prices which are always fairly remunerative -and

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

41

frequently liberal in the extreme. We have seen 1,500 hands in one
farm picking strawberries, at an average price, of probably $1.25 for
men, women and children. The amount of Kale, Cabbage, Spinach,
Radishes, Tomatoes, Asparagus, Snaps, Beans, Green Peas, Cauliflower,
Irish Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Beets, Onions, Turnips, Cucumbers, &c,
and fruits— Strawberries, Apples, Water Mellons, Cantelopes, Pears,
&c., would seem almost incredible to one who has never witnessed for
himself the vast scale on which this business is carried on. For detailed

WELLER & CO.'S PEANUT FACTORY.-WA.TER STREET.

information on this subject we refer the reader to a special article
published elsewhere. The demands of this industry give ample employ-
ment during the truck season for the magnificent lines of Steamships
between this city and New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore and
Washington. In the height of the season it is as much as they can do
to furnish the necessary transportation ; the New York line frequently
despatching two steamships per day, loaded with truck, and we have
known a single 'steamship of this, line to carry 8,000 barrels of potatoes

42

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

in one trip. The fertility which skilful treatment has in many instances
imparted to our soil, together with the mildness of our climate, has
enabled many of our truckers to produce two crops a year, and we have
heard of instances in which even three successive crops had been raised
on the same land during the year. An early vegetable crop, however,
and a corn crop the same year are very general products of our soil.

While the handling of our Truck crop furnishes employment for the
great body of our laboring class during the Summer months, as soon as
the truck season is over it is succeeded by the Oyster business. Thus

THAYER'S LIVERY STABLES.— ATLANTIC ST.

by a fortunate agreement of seasons, the same labor that is employed in
the gathering of the crops from our lands, when these cease, are enabled
to find work in securing the abundant crops furnished by our waters.
The Oysters and Fish of the rivers and bays of Tidewater Virginia,
supply exhaustless products at the simple cost of gathering, and,
during the Fall and Winter seasons, thousands of our population earn a
good livelihood in catching and preparing for market the delicious
bivalves which have now become a staple article of our commerce. The
business of packing and shipping Oysters for Northern, Western and
Foreign markets, has been increasing here from year to year until it has

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

43

reached enormous proportions. Up to within a few years Baltimore
almost monopolized the Oyster trade, but the superior conveniences of
our situation and climate have given our packers an advantage which is
now generally appreciated. For a month last year, covering the most
profitable part of the season, Christmas and New Year, the freezing of

J. B. IXttJGHRAN'S FURNITURE WAREHOUSES, 182 & 184 CHURCH STREET.

the harbor of Baltimore put a stop to operations of oyster packers there,
while during that time our oyster dealers reaped a golden harvest.
This branch of our trade though already large, as we have said, promises
almost indefinite expansion. In addition to the oysters, great quantities
of fresh fish and crabs are shipped by the dealers to all parts of the
North. The shipments of Oysters for the year 1879 were nearly one
and a half millions of bushels. A detailed statement of the business

44 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

done in this line will be found under a special article in another part of
this work.

Norfolk as the commercial centre of Eastern North Carolina and
Tidewater Virginia, has for many years concentrated the corn trade of
these sections. Before the war the rich bottom lands of the rivers which
permeate the coast of these two States, were among the largest corn-pro-
ducing regions of the country, and Norfolk became one of the best corn
markets of the Union. In those days the railroad system of the country
was but imperfectly developed, and there was little or no competition for
the freights of the West, therefore, as a consequence, the cost of
transporting corn from the West to the Seaboard was almost prohibitive,
and even since the war the farmers of Iowa have found it more profitable
to burn their corn for fuel than to ship it for produce.

The competition which has distinguished the last few years, has swept
away this barrier to the industry of the Western farmer, and corn is
now pouring into the Seaboard cities from the overflowing granaries of
the West, at remunerative prices. At the same time, the farmers of
North Carolina and Virginia, have recovered in a great degree the pros-
perity of ante-bellum days. They are resuscitating and bringing into
cultivation their naturally fertile lauds and the consequence is a very
large increase in the receipts of corn in this City.

The past few years show a great improvement in this respect, and we
look for a still greater increase in our receipts from this staple from these
sources. In addition to these, however, the connection but recently made
by way of Chattanooga with the Cincinnati Southern Road, and probable
extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Road to this City, afford the
reasonable hope that we shall ere long attract not only the Corn, but a
large part of the Wheat crop of the Western States.

Situated as Norfolk is, 150 miles nearer the sea than Baltimore, the
logic of geography demands that we should receive the preference from
the business men of the Great West, so soon as we can offer them rail-
road facilities equal to those now afforded by the Baltimore and Ohio Road.

But not only as a domestic market and point of export does Norfolk
offer advantages to those of this couutry who desire to sell their produce
or ship it to foreign marts ; but as a port of entry and as a purchasing
point it has advantages equal to those of any other American seaport.
Connected as it is with England by two steamship lines besides a
numerous fleet of sailing vessels engaged in the cotton trade, and with
all the chief cities of the North by regular steam lines that equal in
capacity and elegance any of the coast-lines of the country, it affords
every facility both for the importation of foreign wares at cheaper freights

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

45

46 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

and the purchase of domestic goods at rates as low as can be obtained
elsewhere in this country. Our merchants buying from first hands can
offer as favorable terms as those of any other city, and they will always
duplicate bills at Baltimore prices, giving their customers the advantage
of the difference in freights.

The future of Norfolk as a Commercial City is now well assured.
For the first time since its existence as a City, its great natural advan-
tages are now recognized by the merchants of this country and the
outside world. As a Cotton Port it ranks third — New Orleans and
Savannah alone exceeding. Great as was the amount of cotton received
by our factors and shippers in 1878, the cotton year of 1879 promises
to be much more profitable. We have already, up to February 1st, 1880,
received more cotton since the beginning of the cotton year, September
1st, 1879, than we received during the whole of the year ending August
31st, 1879, and we have yet seven months to spare.

For the year ending December 31st, 1878, the exports from this City
amounted to ten millions; for the year ending December 31st, 1879,
they amounted to twelve millions, an increase of 20 per cent. All
branches of our trade have increased in at least equal proportions ; real
estate has advanced, and manufacturing industries have been started
which promise to be but the forerunners of a class which will open new
sources of emolument to our laboring population. Among these we
may mention a Lace Factory already in operation, and a Company
composed of some of our leading citizens and a few Northern capitalists
and experts, has just been organized for the erection of a Cotton Factory,
under the name of the Norfolk Knitting and Cotton Manufacturing Co.,
and are about to inaugurate what we have every reason to believe will
prove a new era in the history of our City.

The manufacturers of the North are beginning to realize the advantage
of bringing the machinery to the cotton fields and cotton centres, and no
city in the country presents equal advantages of abundance of staple,
adaptability of climate and propinquity to market, with our own.

That these advantages will in the near future attract to us a large
population of the spinners who are now struggling in the far North
against the disadvantages of distance and climate, we have no doubt.
Competition in manufactures is now so close that they cannot afford to
neglect any element of economy, and our advantages must be appreciated
and utilized by the capital now engaged in that business.

The supremity of Norfolk as a cotton market is well evidenced by
the number of cotton buyers from England and the Continent who have
established themselves in our midst. Representing as they do the leading

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

47

48 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

cotton firms of the World, their presence from year to year is an assur-
ance that Norfolk as a cotton market presents facilities for the purchase
and shipment of cotton which they cannot afford to forego. The
superior depth of water furnished by our harbor, enabling ships of the
largest class to load to their utmost capacity insures the cheapest freights,
while our port charges and wharf rents are much more reasonable than
those of other Atlantic ports. For these reasons as well as for the
safety of ingress and egress to our harbor, the masters of vessels give
Norfolk the preference over all other ports. Three powerful cotton
presses worked day and night, give dispatch to freights, and the enterprise
and activity of our merchants afford every facility to those who are
brought in contact with them in matters of business.

In 1787, Thomas Jefferson declared "Norfolk will probably be the
Emporium for all the trade of the Chesapeake Bay and its waters, and a
canal of 8 or 10 miles will bring to it all that of Albemarle Sound and
its waters. " This prediction has been partly fulfilled, although the
trade of the Chesapeake has been divided with us by Baltimore, the
energy of whose merchants, in years gone by, has drawn from us to their
own city a large part of the trade which should have been exclusively
ours. The canal, however, suggested by Mr. Jefferson, has secured to
us, beyond all dispute, the commerce of the Sounds of Eastern North
Carolina. A long barrier of low sand hills, extending along the North
Carolina coast, as far south as Cape Lookout, renders the approach to her
system of sounds and rivers from the sea, both difficult and dangerous.
The rivers tributary to these Sounds penetrate one of the most fertile
regions on the continent, rich in Cotton, Corn, Wheat, Lumber, Staves,
Shingles, Timber, Fish and Naval Stores. The Dismal Swamp and
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canals connect the City of Norfolk with the
Albemarle, Currituck, Cove and Pamlico Sounds, into which flow the
Alligator, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Roanoke, Tar, Trent, Neuse,
Scuppernong, Cashie, Chowan, Little and North Rivers, bearing the
abundant products of this fair country.

The Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, inaugurated under a charter
passed jointly, by the States of Virginia and North Carolina, connects
the waters of the two States, by two artificial cuts, the one, known
as the Virginia Cut, connecting the southern branch of the Elizabeth
River with North Landing River, and the other, known as the North
Carolina Cut, connecting North Landing River with Currituck Sound.
It has only one Lock, the largest in the United States, 220 feet long by
40 feet wide, through which vessels of 600 tons can pass, and its capacity
is equal to an annual transportation of 30,000,000 tons. In conjunction

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 49

with the Chesapeake and Delaware and Delaware and Raritan Canals, it
forms a great Inland Navigation Line for steamboats, sailing vessels, rafts,
<fec., from North Carolina to Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York,
avoiding the dangers of Hatteras and the coast of North Carolina. In
1879, there passed through this canal 81,790 bales Cotton, 40,000,000
feet Lumber and 39,600,000 Shingles, besides large quantities of Corn,
Naval Stores, &c.

In 1855, the prosperity of Norfolk received a serious check from the
Yellow Fever Epidemic of that year, which, for the time, put a stop to
all business and carried off a large portion of our population. The
disease was brought to the harbor by the steamer Ben Franklin. Since
that time there has been no re-appearance of the epidemic in the city.
The Sanitary and Quarantine regulations are rigidly enforced and are of
such a nature as to give strong assurance against any future importation
of the disease.

Norfolk had hardly recovered from the effects of the Yellow Fever
before the war in 1861 again prostrated her commerce and closed her
port. Immediately after the termination of the war our people went to
work to revive their shattered fortunes, and after fifteen years of
indomitable energy and untiring effort, they have the proud satisfaction
of knowing that their labors have not been in vain, and that their
beautiful City by the Sea is at last recognized by the Commercial World
as one of the coming Emporiums of the Atlantic Coast.

Soon after the war the Merchants' and Mechanics' Exchange was
organized as the official representative of the business men of Norfolk.
We regret we have been unable to find the records of this Institution as
they would have been of great value to us in the compilation of this
work ; after several years of useful existence it was merged into the
Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange. This association has been
of great value to our merchants, and has been largely instrumental in
increasing the Cotton Trade of Norfolk to its present proportions. It
has recently exchanged its old quarters, which were too cramped to afford
the necessary facilities, for new and commodious rooms over the spacious
cotton warehouse of Messrs. Reynolds & Bro., on Water street, where
every arrangement for the prompt transaction of the business of the
Exchange has been made, including direct telegraphic communication
with the Cotton Exchange of New York City. The future success of
this institution under its present able management is assured.

The extensive requirements of our produce merchants have induced
a movement among leading firms in that business looking to the estab-
lishment of a Produce Exchange. The immense amount of business

50 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

done in this line demands that those engaged in it should have the
advantage of method and organization. The proposal to reduce to a
system the produce trade of Norfolk, and to afford to the members of
such an association the advantages to be derived therefrom is fully
appreciated by those interested, and there is every reason to believe that
so long as the committees having the matter in charge can make the
necessary arrangements, the Norfolk Produce Exchange will be duly
organized.

The progress of Norfolk has been greatly assisted by the enterprising
and well conducted Newspapers of the City. They have been largely
instrumental in directing the attention of the outside world to the
commercial and natural advantages of Norfolk, and have lent the
influence of the press in behalf of every enterprise that deserved
encouragement. There are at present six Newspapers published in
Norfolk. Four of these, The Norfolk Virginian, The Norfolk Land-
mark, The Public Ledger and the Day Book are dailies, the two first
morning and the two last evening papers. The Norfolk Weekly Herald
and The Weekly Gazette are published once a week.

We cannot better close this sketch than by an extract from a paper
read by Hon. Robert W. Hughes, U. S. District Judge, before the
Southern Commercial Convention, in this City.

" The perfection to which railroad construction has been brought, and
the increasing cheapness and rapidity of railroad transportation have
o-iven to Western trade a strong and growing tendency to cross the
country on lower lattitudes and shorter routes. Hence the vast business
that has sprung up on the Pennsylvania roads, on the Baltimore and
Ohio road and on our own Norfolk and Memphis line of road, and hence
the earnest solicitude which is expressed by the public for the completion
of our connection from Bristol to Cincinnati, Louisville and St. Louis.

The growing preference of Western trade is for Southern lines ; not
onlv because they are more exempt from the frosts of the N orthern climate,
but because they are the shortest routes from the centres of Western
production and population to the centre of the American Seaboard. It
is this tendency of trade, that has so powerfully turned public attention
of late to Norfolk as a great Seaport City.

Norfolk has gotten through her period of monotony and non-growth.
That day has closed forever ; it has closed in brilliant promise."

" The weary sun hath made a golden set,
And by the bright track of its fiery car
Gives token of a goodly day to-rnorrow."

ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TEADES. 51

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

^ HIS business is in the hands of men who are thoroughly acquainted
^ with the requirements of the trade, and many of the most improved
implements now in use, owe their origin to their inventive genius. Great
labor-saving machines, calculated to economize labor and render farming
less laborious and more profitable, have been invented and are being sent
broadcast over the country by them.

There are three houses here with a consolidated capital of from 100,000
to $150,000, and their trade, while extending far South, lies principally
in Eastern Virginia, Tennessee, the Carolinas and Georgia. The whole
of Eastern North Carolina and Eastern Virginia, is supplied from this
point, Norfolk being without a rival in this limited, but active field.
By judicious foresight and unremitting energy, the trade has been put
upon a firm basis and it is one of the most important branches in the
city, daily enlarging its field of operations and increasing the commer-
cial greatness which, we are told, Norfolk is one day in the future to enjoy.

Farmers, appreciate the era of improvement in machinery and are
not slow to adopt new and advanced ideas as presented to them in the
form of implements adapted to the cultivation of special crops, and on
almost every farm one may find the latest designs in Cotton Gins, Cotton,
Tobacco, and Corn Plows, Drills, Reapers, Mowers, &c, in fact every
thing to make agricultural life pleasant and remunerative. Well etab-
lished brands of farming implements find ready purchasers at established
prices. The buildings used by dealers in this line are handsome, com-
modious structures, constructed especially with a view to their adaptation
to the business and the arrangement of their extensive and well assorted
stocks. The buyer in the country that has trade connections with Norfolk,
has no need to go elsewhere to secure his supplies, as in points of price,
terms and varieties, Norfolk cannot be excelled.

The strict integrity and liberal manner of dealing characteristic of
these gentlemen, are sufficient guarantees that they will make good their
representations, and preserve the eminent position which they have
obtained in the estimation of both dealers and consumers.

52

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

C. BILLUPS,

MANUFACTURERIAND EEALEU IN

ALL KINDS OF

PATENTEE OF THE

Which is shown in the cut above ; also Patentee of the

GRANGER Turn Plow,

AND THE

CLIMAX Cotton Plow.

The " CLIMAX " is the best Cotton Plow yet invented.
Deals in BAR and BUNDLE IRON, CART and WAGON MATE-
RIAL, &c. Address,

C. BILLUPS, Norfolk, Va.

ITS PRINCIPAL, INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

53

HOUSE ESTABLISHED IN" 1831.

S.R. WHITE &BR0.

(Successors to S. MARCH & CO.,)

96 and 98 "Water Street, Norfolk, Va.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE

"ATLAS" and "CLIPPER" TURNING PLOWS, and " STONE-
WALL" COTTON PLOW, over 28,000 of which have been
Sold since tlieir Introduction.

The ATLAS, STONEWALL, and CLIPPER Plows were awarded
the Only Premium, by the last North Carolina State Fair, held October,
1 879, for the Best Selection of Plows, in competition with all the leading
Plows in use in the South and West, which is additional proof of their
superiority over all others.

We manufacture the STONEWALL COTTON GIN, the "DIXIE"
PLOW, and nearly all other kinds of Plows and Castings known to the
Southern Trade ; also all kinds of Farming Machinery of most approved
designs.

We are sole agents for Virginia and N. Carolina for the WATERTOWN

STEAM ENGINE, MILLER'S COTTON-SEED HULLERS,

FOSTER'S and GLOBE COTTON PLANTERS, IRON

AGE CULTIVATORS, SOUTH BEND

CHILLED PLOWS;

And dealers in Rims, Spokes, Hubs, Iron, Steel, Axles, Springs, &c, &c.

Descriptive circulars mailed on application, and all inquiries promptly

answered.

S. R. WHITE & BRO., Norfolk, Va.

54 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

WRENN, WHITEHURST & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF

Agricultural Implements

28 AND 30 UNION STREET, NORFOLK, TA.

We have just completed a large building where we are now manufac-
turing, with the Latest Improved Machinery, a full line of AGRICUL-
TURAL IMPLEMENTS.

Have a complete stock of Carriage, Wagon and Cart Materials,
Axles, Iron, Steel, &c, and Farming Tools of every description, such
as Shovels, Spades, Forks, Hoes, Rakes, Trace Chains, &c.

Would call attention of Farmers and Dealers to our

"GOLD" AND "GOOSE NECK" PLOWS,

The manufacture of which we make a specialty, and which are superior to
any now on the market. PLOW CASTINGS all kinds.

GROCERIES.

IlN this branch of trade the greatest activity is observable on over-
hand, and the most strenuous efforts are being made to meet the
requirements of more buyers. The city as a market, offers the same
advantages of more densely populated and larger cities, in extensive
stocks and reasonable prices. The business being naturally a heavy
one, it does not admit of expansions like other branches of the jobbing
trade, unless it is conducted exclusively as a bulk business, and even
then it is confined within certain bounds and governed to a great extent
by transportation facilities and charges. In bulk Meats, Syrups, and
Sugars, a mammoth business is done in Norfolk. The freight upon
these articles is at all times heavy, but close competition in transportation
enables our merchants to fill their store-houses from the packing-houses
of the West, or the refineries of the East, as cheaply as their competitors
in other cities. Freights, in a measure, regulate the prices to be realized
by the retailer, aud as Norfolk controls unsurpassed advantages both by

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 55

rail and water, in this particular, dealers in the country tributary to her,
should, in consulting their oion interests, not disregard the benefits to
accrue directly to them through the agency of cheap transportation, and
prices uniformly the same as those of other markets.

Within the past six years, the Wholesale Grocery Trade here has more
than doubled, and now aggregates annually about five millions of
dollars. This immense interest is under the management of the most
open-handed business men to be found anywhere, who control in all,
over a half million dollars actual capital. Nine firms are engaged in
the business, and wherever and whenever they can create new trade or
improve that of long standing, they employ the most liberal means in
their power. Most of them began their business career with limited
capital but abundant pluck and judgment, which have been corner stones
to the success which they have achieved.

Eastern Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee, send their
buyers here, and each year witnesses not only increased trade, but
improved facilities for conducting it, and a strengthened determination
upon the part of dealers to expand their business.

W. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM.

W. F. ALLEN & CO.,

WHOLESALE GROCERS,

99 Water St. and 18, 22, 26 § 30 Rothery's Lane,
NORFOLK, VA.

FLOUR AND MEATS A SPECIALTY.
ESTABLISHED 1806.

ROWLAND BROTHERS,

WHOLESALE

NOS. 12, 14 AND 16 ROWLAND'S WHARF,
NORFOLK, VA.

56 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

ESTABLISHED 1871.

J. EASTHAM. E. T. POWELL.

EASTHAM, POWELL &. CO.,

Wholesale Grocers,

90 Water Street @ 41 Commerce Street,

■swssvsi w,\\\\\\ ^ssssS^ vwwws® m\\\ws*%gs Ws wswsb* V,;-

<iSK5^vSi XVS5S!S' ^vSJffSWTi \\\\\\\\S\\

LARGE DEALERS IN

FLOUR, MEATS, SUGARS,

Coffees, Teas, Syrups, Salt,
Lard, Mackerel, Herring,

AND IN FACT ALL ARTICLES USUALLY KEPT IN A

WHOLESALE GROCERY HOUSE.

Special inducements offered to Prompt Paying and Cash
customers.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 57

ESTABLISHED 1865.

M. L. T. DAVIS & CO.,

WHOLESALE

GROCERS

AND DEALERS IN

Provisions,

•

CAR-LOAD SALES made a Specialty

AND THE
LOWEST POSSIBLE FREIGHT RATES SECURED.

1 WATER STREET

{CORNER COMMERCE,)

NORFOLK. VA.

58 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

WASHINGTON TAYLOR & CO.
"Wholesale Grocers,

14, 16 # 18 COMMERCE STREET,

NORFOLK, VA.

AGENTS FOR HAZARD POWDER.

THEODORICK A. WILLIAMS. WM. C. DICKSON.

T. A. WILLIAMS & CO.,

2 | 4 ROANOKE SCIUARE, NORFOLK, VA.
SALT,

JVEolasses and in.oa:ii%

BY THE CAB LOAD, A SPECIALTY.

STRICT PERSONAL ATTENTION given to all ORDERS entrusted
to our care, and with a FULL STOCK of all classes of goods pertaining to
the WHOLESALE GROCERY BUSINESS, we are enabled to offer
special inducements to our PATRONS.

BANKS AND BANKERS.

HE City of Norfolk has a banking capital estimated at two and a
half millions of* dollars, divided between eleven banks and banking
houses, and their annual deposits approximate $5,000,000. Especially
during the cotton seasons do their transactions become large, and to
convey an idea of the relation between the banks of Norfolk and the
cotton shippers of North Carolina alone, it will only be necessary to state
that one bank sent to North Carolina during the month of November,
1879, $1,000,000 in currency.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 59

The buildings devoted to their use are elegant pieces of architectural
beauty, with convenient, commodious interiors. An army of clerks are
employed in the various monetary institutions of the city and the business
is done expeditiously and upon the most thorough principles.

On March 6th, 1871, a meeting of bank officers was called for the
purpose of organizing a Clearing House, and which is at this time
composed of the following banks and bankers : Exchange National,
John B. Whitehead, Esq., President ; Citizens', W. H. Peters, Esq.,
President; Bank of Commerce, Jas. E.Barry, Esq., President; Marine
Bank, Col. Walter H. Taylor, President ; Burruss, Son & Co., and the
Bank of Portsmouth. W. H. Peters, Esq., is President of the Asso-
ciation and N. Burruss, Esq., Manager.

During the financial panic of 1873, when many institutions considered
perfectly solvent, crumbled beneath the weight of impaired credit,
Norfolk stood in the line of uneffected cities, and her banks discharged
their obligations with usual promptness, and their well-known conser-
vatism maintained the long established confidence which had been
fostered and built up between them and their depositors. The latter did
not withhold their deposits, but continued in their customary way ; in
fact, those who had accommodation paper out were not pressed for its
payment, and holder and maker seemed to vie with each other in their
efforts to maintain confidence in each others ability to honor maturing
obligations.

The transactions of the Clearing House Association for the month ol
November, in each year since 1876, were :

1876 ------ $1,252,678.40

1877 - - - 1,117,280.26

1878 ------ 1,230,756.26

1879 ----- 1,500,925.61
These banks are in the hands of men of ackowledged administrative

and financial ability, large views and extensive wealth, which enable
them to cope with institutions having larger capital, and at the same time
afford those whose financial agents they are the most substantial security.
Banks of questionable solvency, or under doubtful management, find no
encouragement or patronage in our midst, and the mere utterance of a
suspicion concerning one's stability would materially decrease the volume
of its operations.

In addition to the regular banking capital here, there is always a vast
amount of money in the hands of capitalists seeking investment, and
transactions of great magnitude are continually being made that are not
represented on the books of our banks. The gratifying success of our

60 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

banks, their large semi-annual dividends, and the fact that there has
been but one failure among them within the past forty years, are powerful
inducements for outside capital to find similar employment here. There
are two regular Savings Banks operating at present, and several that
make a specialty of that department, and through them the laboring
classes have been encouraged to add to the banking capital of the
city. The savings institutions have had their affairs well administered
upon and they not only speak well for their officers, but volumes in
behalf of the thrift of a large class of our citizens.

BURRUSS, SON & CO/S
BAHEV

OPEN FROM 9 ^.M. TO 6 P.M.

CITY BONDS MATURED OR MATURING TAKEN AT PAR AND ACCRUED

INTEREST, AND BONDS OF A LONGER DATE EXCHANGED ON

APPLICATION. ALSO, VIRGINIA TAX COUPONS.

GOOD FOR STATE TAXES, LICENCES, AND MOFFETT TAX.

JgSgfBonds, Stocks and Mining Shares bought and sold. Uncurrent Bills, Southern
Bank Notes, Mutilated Fractional Currency bought. Loans negotiated on Real Estate.
Business Paper and Claims discounted. Interest allowed on time Deposits.

JBXJSIXTBSS ACCOVNTS UVXTSD.

JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, -j -j Q Yj GEO. M. BAIN, Jr.

President. _LJLO I Cashier.

§t$i$mU& fejwfltwji mu\ Jimmrial gtpnt &f the United £t»te*.

THE

Exchange National Bank

OF NORFOLK, VA.

CAPITAL - - - $300,000.
SURPLUS - $150,000.

DIRECTORS :
jno. b. whitehead, r. t. k. bain,

r. h. Mcdonald, orlando Windsor,

john james, c. e. jenkins,

jas. h. toomer.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 61

WM. H. PETERS, Pres. WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE, Vice-Pies. WALTER H. DOYLE, Cashier.

CITIZENS' B^lTNTK,

OF NORFOLK, VA.
DIRECTORS:

WM. II. PETERS, WM. W. CHAMBERLAINE. GEO. C. REED.

CHARLES H. ROWLAND, T. A. WILLIAMS, J. G. WOMBLE,

WALTER H. IJOXLE.

Bank of Discount and Deposit. Discount days, Wednesday and Saturday. Interest

allowed on Savings Deposits at rate of 5 per Cent, per annum.

Exchange issued on all principal Cities of Europe.

i@- COLLECTIONS MADE AND PROMPTLY REMITTED.

N. Y. Correspondent, BANK OF NEW YORK— NATIONAL BANKING ASSOCIATION.
CALDWELL HARDY, President H. HARDY. Assistant Cashier. B. A. MARSDEN, Cashier.

The FARMERS' BANK,

Main and Commerce Streets,

NORFOLK, VA.
INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME DEPOSITS.

COLLECTIONS MADE ON ALL POINTS AND RETURNS
PROMPTLY REMITTED AT LOWEST RATES.

New York Correspondent, H. C. HARDY & SON, 10 Wall Street.
JAMES E. HAURI, President. WM, S. WILKINSON, Cashier.

( Chartered under State Laws, 1st July 1X78.)

DIRECTORS :

J AS. E. BARRY, D. C. WHITEHURST, .IAS. RETT), SAM'L MARSH,

J. VICKERY, B. T. BOCKOVER. A. E. SANTOS,

W. A. GRAVES, JOHN PETERS.

TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS. COLLECTIONS MADE

ON ALL POINTS AT CURRENT RATES. INTEREST ALLOWED ON

DEPOSITS IN SAVINGS DEPARTMENT.

N. Y. Correspondent, NATIONAL PARK BANK ; Phila. Correspondent, FIRST NATIONAL BANK :
Boston Correspondent, MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK.

THE HOME SAVINGS BANK,

Cor. Main Street and Roanoke Avenue,

Transacts a GENERAL BANKING, EXCHANGE and COLLECTION
BUSINESS, but devote SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SAVINGS
DEPOSITS.

On Saving Accounts of $1 and upwards, SIX PER CENT, interest is allowed
from day of deposit. Deposits sent by Mail or Express, credited and Bank Books
promptly returned.

BANK HOLTRS.— DAILY FROM 9 A.M. TO 3 P.M.
SATURDAY' NIGHTS, 6 TO 8 O'CLOCK.

diEO. E. BOWDEN, President. II. C. PERCY, Cashier.

62 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

RAWLINS, WHITEHURST & CO.,

Wholesale and Retail

lOl Dl^EilEi

23 and 25 Lee Street,
TUNIS' WHARF, NORFOLK, VA.

g@~ICE PACKED IN ANY QUANTITIES AND SHIPPED TO ORDER.

INLAND NAVIGATION.

"V

^71 LINE of inland navigation, free from the perils of the ocean, has
OJV occupied the attention of our statesmen from an early period of our
history.

In a report of the Hon. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, to
Congress, dated March 2, 1807, he says: "The map of the United
States will show that they possess a tidewater inland navigation secure
from storms and enemies, and which from Massachusetts to the southern
extremity of Georgia is principally, if not solely, interrupted by four
necks of land. These are the Isthmus of Barnstable, that part of New
Jersey which extends from the Raritan to the Delaware, the peninsula
between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, and that low and marshy
tract which divides the Chesapeake from Albemarle Sound.

" It is ascertained that a navigation for sea vessels drawing eight feet
of water may be effected across the three last; and a canal is also believed
to be practicable, not perhaps across the Isthmus of Barnstable, but
from the harbor of Boston to that of Rhode Island. The Massachusetts
canal would be about 26, the New Jersey about 28, and each of the two
Southern about 22 miles in length, making altogether less than 100
miles.

" The shortest communication between the Chesapeake and Albemarle
Sound is North Landing, at the 'head of the tide of Northwest river,
which empties into Currituck Inlet (Sound), the eastermost arm of
Albemarle, to either Kempsville or Great Bridge, at the head of the tide
of two different branches of the south branch of the Elizabeth River,

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 63

which, passing by Norfolk, unites at Hampton Roads with James River
and the Chesapeake. The distance is stated at seven miles and the levels
said to be favorable. "

The first of these projected canals has not been constructed. The
second from New Brunswick to Bordentown, N. J., 43 miles, called^the_
Delaware and Raritan, under the patronage of Commodore Stockton, U.
S. N., was built, and has proven a very useful and profitable enterprise
to its owners. It is now leased by the Pennsylvunia Railroad Company
at 10 per cent, per annum on its cost.

The third canal, from the waters of the Delaware to the Chesapeake,
known as the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, is 14 miles in length and
navigable for vessels drawing nine feet of water. It is supplied with
water by powerful steam pumps, and though partly owned by the United
States Government has not been as profitable as the Delaware and
Raritan Canal.

We next have in order the Dismal Smamp Canal, uniting our harbor
with the Pasquotank River, which, passing by Elizabelh City, empties
into Albemarle Sound. This canal was commenced in a very early
period of our history, its charter dating in 1786. The United States
Government and the State of Virginia owned about four-fifths of the
stock. Norfolk derived most of its trade through this work, and it was
the principal avenue to North Carolina until the construction of the
Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad, now Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad.
Steam was introduced on this canal at an early date. About the year
1834 a company known as the Roanoke Navigation Company had
constructed the stern-wheel steamer " Lady of the Lake, " with many
schooners which she was expected to tow through the sounds and up the
Roanoke. This company, like most pioneers, sustained heavy losses,
until their whole capital, some $150,000, was swept away. For many
years thereafter no steamers were to be seen on those waters. Plymouth
became the principal storehouse for the grain of the Roanoke. Large
warehouses were erected there to receive the grain, which was floated
down the river in barges during the winter, when the water was high in
that river, and the grain was shipped during the summer months from
Plymouth by sea vessels through Ocracoke Inlet to northern markets.
Thus Norfolk was fast losing her grain trade.

In 1848 or 1850 one of our citizens, who had devoted much of his
time to canals and steam transportation, procured a small towboat and
chartered a number of Erie Canal barges and demonstrated the feasibility
of this mode of transportation. Contracts were made for carrying of
corn to New York via Norfolk at a less price than by Ocracoke. In a

64 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

few years the receipts of corn at Norfolk ran up to millions of bushels
and Norfolk became quite a corn market.

Plymouth no longer was the storehouse, and the towing of barges
through the sounds and up the rivers of North Carolina was well estab-
lished ; the cost of freight was reduced and the farmers had no lono-er
fear of their grain heating by being so long in transit. Owing, however,
to the great delay in getting up the upper part of the Pasquotank known
as the " Moccasin track, " steam was not remunerative, and it was
evident a better navigation than then existed through the Dismal Swamp
Canal was necessary. Efforts to have the canal enlarged and extended
to better water were unsuccessful, and the trade that had been diverted
through our harbor was about to be lost when a project was started to
build another canal uniting the natural waters by a shorter route with
an ample supply of water and with a prism and locks that would pass a
larger class of vessels. To do this the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal
was constructed, connecting the Elizabeth River by a canal only eight
and a half miles long to the North Landing River, which empties into
Currituck Sound. From this sound another short canal, only five and a
half miles, unites with North river, which flows into Albemarle Sound-

[The lock, and only one on this canal, is of granite, 220 feet long, 40
feet wide and 8 feet deep, capable of passing vessels of 1000 tons burthen.
The canal affords a safe and reliable channel for the South, free from the
dangers of Hatteras and the coast of North Carolina. It was designed
and constructed by the present able President of the Company, Marshall
Parks, Esq. The work has attracted considerable attention of late years,
because of the benefits which will inure to commerce, if the line be
extended, as proposed by him, to Cape Fear River. We will then have
an unbroken line from Norfolk to Florida, which would no doubt be
extended in a few years to and through the projected Florida Canal,
making the inland route complete. — Pub.]

Thus by only 14 miles of canal a steam navigation has been provided
equal, if not superior, to any other inland route in this country. The
canal has been so successfully managed that it has not only absorbed the
former trade but largely increased the business, owing to the great
facilities it offers to export the products of Eastern North Carolina.

Since the opening of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal more than
86,000 steamers and sailing vessels, barges, rafts, &c, have passed
through it. — Virginian, Aug. 5, 1879.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

65

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NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

m ha

i&

THE

MM AND CHESAPEAKE CANAL

TOGETHER WITH THE

Chesapeake & Delaware Canal & Delaware and Raritan Canal,

FORM THE GREAT INLAND NAVIGATION FROM

NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA and BALTIMORE

TO

B T4f£ Si

BY CANALS AND INLAND NAVIGATION FOR STEAM-
BOATS, SAILING VESSELS, BAFTS, &c, AVOIDING THE
DANGERS OF HATTEBAS AND THE COAST OF NOBTH
CAROLINA— SAVING TIME AND INSURANCE.

Csmals.

Locks.

Miles.

Length

. Width.

Depth

feet,

feet.

feet.

- *14

220

40

7

- 14

220

24

9

- 43

220

24

7

- 345

110

18

7

DIMENSIONS OF CANALS AND LOCKS.

xvlbemarle and chesapeake canal
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal
Delaware and Raritan Canal - -
Erie, of New York ----- - 345

*And thirty miles slack water.

J6SP1 Light-draft steamers bound to Charleston, Savannah, Florida and
the West Indies take this route.

Steam tug-boats leave Norfolk, towing sail vessels, barges, rafts, &c, to
and from North Carolina to Baltimore, Fhiladelphia and New York.

Freight steamers leave Norfolk for the following places : Edenton, Eliza-
beth City, Hertford, Plymouth, Jamesville, Williamston, Hamilton, Hill's
Ferry, Palmyra, Scotland Neck, Halifax, Weldon, Columbia, Fair Field,
Windsor, Winton, Gatesville, Murfreesboro, Franklin, Currituck, Coinjock,
Boanoke Island, Washington, Greensville, Tarboro, Indiantown, Bay
River and Newbern.

5®"° For rates of tolls, towing, maps and charts, &c, apply to

H. V. LESLIE, Treasurer C. & D. Canal Co.,

528 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
M. COURTRIG-HT, Esq.,

Room 69 Coal and Iron Exchange, New York,

Or to MARSHALL PARKS,

President Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal Co., Norfolk, Va.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. B7

FERTILIZERS.

fURING the past twenty years farmers and planters have begun to
recognize the necessity and importance of following some well
developed system of agriculture. Experience has taught them that in
order to secure good crops they must depend upon other agencies than
on simple rain and sunshine. Thorough manuring and the rotation of
crops have both been found to be beneficial, and in order to further
strengthen and improve the soil Science has come to their aid and with its
knowledge of the laws of chemistry has succeeded in forming compounds
the material parts of which are so skillfully blended together that they
not only restore the strength which has been exhausted by continuous
cropping, but improve the quality of the plants, and cereals sown.
Every fertilizer thrown upon the market is claimed to be the best, and
to be capable of producing the most wonderful results, and the farmer is
often so much puzzled to know which is really the best that he either
depends solely upon the old fashioned system, or is so disgusted with the
trial which he makes of some worthless article, that he denounces them
all as impositions. There is, however, one test which can always be
relied upon and that is experience. If he should not have it personally
he can at least utilize that of others, and by carefully weighing the
nature of the evidence offered to him and judging as to its credibility,
succeed in forming an opinion which will materially assist him in making
a selection and judging as to the results which are likely to be obtained.

In the purchase of Fertilizers, the farmer is frequently at the mercv
of the dealer, and the ease with which Fertilizers are often adulterated,
renders the trade peculiarly liable to impositions. But it is indeed most
gratifying to know that every firm, to our knowledge, engaged in the
business in Norfolk, is composed of gentlemen of such high standing in
the community as to preclude the idea of a fraud by them, either on the
manufacture or the sale of these compounds.

Recently a large factory has been built on one of the principal wharves
across the river, where the numerous chemicals used in compounding
Fertilizers are received in their crude state and subjected to the mixing
process until in proper coudition for use. Peruvian Guano is supplied
in quantities by our dealers, direct from Government warehouses and
kept for sale in their warehouses in Norfolk. Every variety of Fertilizer
known to the trade, or calculated to recuperate exhausted soil can be
bought in Norfolk at figures identical with those of the largest factories
in the country. Water transportation being low, handling can be more
cheaply done here than at points not so highly favored with facilities of
this character.

68

NORFOLK AS A BUS IN ESS CENTRE

ESTABLISHED 1844.

CHARLES REID & SON,

law

AND DEALERS IN

terns vgujur wms m m'mmmm '^m§ VlM:,-Qm<mMS1WW2(tk

BONE DUST,

And Other Standard Fertilizers.

Office arid Warehouse, 14 NIVISON ST.

STAVE YARDS,

India Wharf, Norfolk, and Cooke's Wharf, Portsmouth.

PERUVIAN GUANO.

By arrangements recently made, we have the CONTROL in this
section of ALL the GUANO purchased of the PERUVIAN GOV-
ERNMENT by the PRESIDENT of the BANK OF PERU, and
shipped by him to this Country. We are therefore prepared to furnish
GENUINE PERUVIAN GUANO at lowest rates. We guarantee
its Purity and Analysis.

BONE DUST.

OUR OWN GRINDING from Slaughter-House Bones. RICHER
IN AMMONIA AND BONE PHOSPHATE OF LIME than
other Brands in the market. As a permanent improver of the soil,
there is nothing better than PURE BONE; hence the importance to
the farmer of great discrimination in his selections, for there is hardly
any article of trade more liable to adulteration ; and even in different
brands of really Pure Bone, analyses will show a difference in value
commercially and to the farmer, of FROM $10 TO $12 PER TON
in favor of Slaughter-House Bones. In very many cases, Bones are
ground from dried field stock, after all the hard and most valuable bones
are culled out and sold to Cutlery and Button Manufacturers. Nothing
has been culled out of ours — they are all SLAUGHTER-
HOUSE BONES— ground at our MILLS and WARRANTED
ENTIRELY PURE.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 69

C. L. UPSHUR

MANUFACTURER OF

FERTILIZER

AND DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

Chemicals awib Material

For Making Fertilizers.

No. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO,

ANIMAL MATTER,

DRIED BLOOD,

BONE DUST.
BONE BLACK,

DISSOLVED BONE,

FISH GUANO,

PLASTER,

KAINIT,

ALSO, SULPH. AMMONIA, NIT. SODA, SULPH. SODA,
NIT. POTASH, SULPH. POTASH, &c, &c.

MANUFACTURER OF THE

Peruvian Guano and Bone Dust Fertilizer!

ALSO, ROYAL PHOSPHATE.

Office and Warehouse, 154 and 156 Water Street,
NOB FOLK, VA.

Factory, Bain's Wharf, Portsmouth.

70 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

FISH AND OYSTERS.

«. — .».

-A

j| VEKYBODY eats Fish and Oysters, and Norfolk Packers, with

err about a half a million of dollars capital, help largely to supply the
demand. This season about one million, two hundred thousand bushels
Oysters have been shipped to Boston, New York, Providence, New
Orleans and to Liverpool, London and other Foreign Ports. The ship-
ment of fresh Fish to the cities of the North is growing to be a business of
laro-e proportions ; the waters of the sounds of North Carolina and
Chesapeake Bay, supply quantities of Fish, all the year around, nearly
all of which are shipped from this city — in fact, the farming of the
waters of Virginia and Carolina yields scarcely less revenne than that

of the land.

Norfolk as an Oyster Market from its Geographical position, so fre-
quently and well described, is peculiarly favored in affording cheap and
rapid transportation, by its daily steamers to the large cities of the
Northern and New England States, and by her raiilroads to the West
and South. With her magnificent harbor, seldom closed by ice,
while others are frequently blocked up for an important part of the
Oyster season, she is fast becoming the grand market for the Oysters
caught in the Chesapeake and its tributaries. Virginia waters are rich
in their beds of luscious BiValves, and while the excellency and superi-
ority of her Lynnhavens, Cherrystones, Horn Harbors, York Rivers,
Hampton Bars, and others are generally acknowledged, the James,
Rappahannock, Potomac, Nansemond, Piankitank and many small rivers
send a laro-e supply to this their home market. Only in the last few
years were any Dredged Oysters, of any amount, brought to this market.
Now large vessels regularly engaged in dredging make this their regular
market, Gwinn's Island, Pocomokes, and other dredged stock is as
familiar to our packers almost as the native. No part of the trade of
Norfolk is of more importance to her and the surrounding district, than
the Oyster Packing and Catching. As nothing can conduce more to the
prosperity of State, City, or County than the employment of its produc-
tive labor, so the large amount of employment given by the Packers, to
those engaged in catching and bringing to market the Oysters, the large
number of openers and employees in their packing houses, paid promptly
every week, causes a large amount of ready money, brought from abroad,
to be distributed promptly to those whose wants need ready supply, and
that too at a season of the year when ordinary out-door labor is least
employed.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 71

So rapidly has the Oyster Trade of Norfolk grown in the last few
years, that it has attracted large Baltimore Packers to establish houses
here, and this Fall three of the largest dealers in Boston, each
opened a house, thus virtually conceeding that Norfolk is destined
to become the grand central Oyster depot of supply. So too the large
dealers of the great Northern and Western States are fast recog-
nizing her as a superior market and sending us their orders. But a few
years since and there were but seven or eight packing houses here, only
a few of which did a large business, working profitably, three hundred
hands and shucking some twelve ta fifteen thousand bushels per week,
now there are twenty packing houses, most of them doing a large business,
working twelve to fifteen hundred hands and shucking something like
forty thousand bushels per week, and for every opener, there is a
like number engaged in catching and running the Oysters to market;
giving employment to a large number of vessels and small boats.

The large packing houses and the rapid growth of the trade, give
evidence that the firms engaged in the business are composed of
men, whose energies and business qualifications will make it rival in
importance the best trade of Norfolk. One of the great and valuable
results to the city is seen in the magnificent piers and wharves built with
shells in the last few years, also in the splendid shell roads leading into
the several sections around the city, making not only elegant drives, but
rendering this market readily accessible to the farmers, with easy hauling
for their produce at all seasons of the year. The Oyster Packing renders
essential aid to the trucking interest, by giving employment to a large
number of hands during the Winter and early Spring, and then
turning them over to the Truckers just when they are needed.

CARRIAGE AND COACH BUILDERS.

Q2*

M HIS branch of industry is one of daily growth and promises to
assume proportions entitling it to recognition as one of the most
progressive and rapidly expanding in the city. The carriage and coach
builders of Norfolk have always held high rank in comparison with
those of other cities. The use of skilled labor and first-class materials,
in rendering their work of durable construction and artistic finish,
invariably secures for it the highest premiums when exhibited in compe-

72

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

tition with that of other makes. The many fashionable vehicles that
throng our thoroughfares and fashionable drives are fair specimens of the
style and quality of work turned out of their shops. Besides supplying
the home market, car loads are sent to the South and West, to be offered
at prices as favorable as are offered in other localities. Until within a
few years, the South drew almost her entire supply from Wilmington,
Del., Philadelphia and New York, but now the tide has turned, and
experience has taught us that in patronizing our own manufacturers, we
encourage local enterprise, foster and develop local industries and at the
same time secure for ourselves at reasonable rates, as good workmanship as
can be had in other markets. The nine factories here employ a vast
number of hands in their different departments, including the blacksmith,
wheelright and paint shops, trimming, furnishing and sales rooms. The
latter usually contain large varieties of stock from other factories, from
which purchasers may be suited in either style, quality or price. In this
business about one hundred and twenty- five thousand dollars are
employed as actual capital. This amount at first glance appears very
small for the conduct of the business, but not so when it is remembered
that the credit system does not enter largely into its daily transactions.

MANUFACTURERS OF

%imm> ^wMfyj, Collar*, |r.

AND DEALERS IN

CARRIAGE AND SADDLERY HARDWARE,

Horse Clothing, l<ap Robes, «&e.

14. 16, 24 and 26 Union St., NORFOLK, VA.

We are just putting in our Factory a large Engine and the latest improved
machinery, which will enable us to manufacture and sell as low as any fac-
tory in the United States.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

HOTELS.

Jy, ORFOLK has every reason to be proud of her fine hotels. Not
Cy only are they magnificent in external appearances, gigantic and
beautiful pieces of architecture, but their interior finish and elegant
appointments, make them the finest hotel buildings in the whole South.
For many years Norfolk had but few public houses of this character, and
even those were as little like the elegantly kept and luxuriously furnished
caravanseries of to-day as they could possibly be. There are at present
three first class hotels in the city, and many smaller ones of the most
reputable character and agreeable accommodations, but the three principal
ones are not only creditable to the city, but the success which has
attended the efforts of their proprietors, points unmistakably to the fact
that our people live well and that the floating population of the city, at
all times very large, appreciate the luxuries of well kept tables, drawing
their supplies from the truck farms and rivers of the vicinity. These
hotels are situated directly upon the route of the City Railway, are
within ten minutes walk of the most distant Railroad Depot or Steamboat
landing in the city ; convenient to the principal mercantile houses,
banks, postoffice, churches and theatre. And from either of their roofs
magnificent views of the shipping in the harbor, Navy Yard, Ports-
mouth and the surrounding country, for many miles, can be had. Every
convenience calculated to promote the comfort of guests has been added
to these establishments, and the traveler, who visits Norfolk, seeking
health or business cannot help being favorably impressed with the
manner in which thev are conducted.

Cor. of Main and Granby Streets, Norfolk, Va.

TERMS, $2.50 AND $3.00 PER DAY, ACCORDING TO LOCATION.

IR,_ s. JDOlDSOlsr, Proprietor.

Enlarged, remodeled and refurnished, rendering it one of the handsomest structures
in the South, possessing all the modern improvements, including first-class passenger
elevator, electric bells, suits of rooms with hot and cold baths.

The especial attention of Tourists and Invalids is called to the fine climate of Nor-
folk and vicinity, and to the accommodations afforded by the Atlantic where nothing
will be left undone to render them comfortable.

Jg@" Liberal arrangements made with Families and parties by the month.

J8^" Letters and telegrams to R. S. DODSON, will receive prompt attention. "§ia

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

THE HYGEIA HOTEL,

OLD POINT COMFORT, VA.

SITUATED WITHIN ONE HUNDRED YARDS OF FORT MONROE.

OPEN ALL THE Y£AFt, WITH AMPLE CAPACITY FOR 600 GUESTS.

Has all modern improvements, elevator, gas and electric bell in every room; water'
bath-rooms, and closets on every floor. Equal to any hotel in the United States as a
Spring, Summer, and Autumn Resort. Six daily mails and telegraph office ; fifteen to
twenty first-class steamers land daily, (except Sunday) one hundred and fifty yards
from the door. Rooms and halls comfortably heated, and every comfort provided for
tourists and health-seekers during the winter. Fire-escapes only fifty feet apart on every
floor. Superior beach for bathing at doorsteps, and good from May until November.
Boating, fishing, and driving especially attractive. Send for circular describing
hygienic advantages, terms, &c.

HARRISON PHOEBUS, Proprietor.

What th3 Patrons of the Hygeia Hotel think of it as a Place of Resort.

(From the Richmond Dispatch).

The Hygeia Hotel, Old Point Comfort, Va., Julv 1st, 1878.

The realization of so much comfort and pleasure at this Virginia sea-shore resort, prompts us to
express our high appreciation of its many advantages.

Within the past year the m^st extensive and most modern improvements have been made, giving
largely increased capacity and facilities that can be found only in the most superior establishments.
Nature has contributed so largely to make this the spot where health can be promoted and many enjoy-
ments can be realized that we feel highly pleased and gratified that its natural advantages have not
been lost in the hands of its enterprising proprietor, Mr. Phoebus, who in a quiet and most successful
manner provides those essentials requisite to promote the comforts and attractions of the " Hygeia" to
a degree that must be recognized as soon as his guests are within its extensive limits. The table is well
and liberally supplied with those delicacies that can be iound only at a first-class resort. The large
additions to the hotel have given ample room for at least several hundred more guests. The pavillion
has been so improved by the splendid and wide prom-made on the water side that it is unexceptionable,
and large enough for all to realize its advantages. We, the citizens of Richmond, Petersburg, and other
Virginia cities, must acknowledge this resort to be vastly superior to any other place within the range
of converience to our men of business, who should gladly avail themselves of its advantages, so access-
ible and safe as it is, for a sojourn during the summer.

We most cordially commend to all a visit to the "Hygeia," and assure them that they will find Mr.
Phoebus ready and capable of confirming our assurance in this respect.

Richmond, Va.
V. W. M. HOLLIDAY, Gov. Va.
E. O. MOLTING,
THOMAS W. McCANCE,
P. II. MAYO,
CHARLES D. HILL,
BRADLEY T. JOHNSON,
NORMAJX RANDOLPH,
JAMES A. COWARDIN,
JOHN F. LAY,
JOHN B. PUR.CELL,
W. W. CRUMP.

Richmond. Va.
T. M. R. TALCOTT,
GEO. W. ALLEN,
J. DAVENPORT, Jr.
A. SHAW.

Petersburg, Va.
N. M. OSBORNE,'
DAVID DUNLOP,
ED. C VENABLE.
CHARLES F. COLLIER,
ROBERT H. JONES. Jr.,
WILLIAM MAHONE.

Norfolk. Va.
V. D. GRONER,
T. H. WEBB,
J. W. McCARRICK,
ROBERT W. HUGHES,
J. S. BRAXTON,
W. C. MARROW,

Portsmouth. Va.
JAMES G. BAIN, E. G. GHIO,

Charlottesville, Va.
WM. J. ROBERTSON,

Warrenlon. Va.
SAMUEL H. GARDNER

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

75

PURCELL HOUSE!

NORFOLK, YA.

Mfc » to

hummi

TERMS,

$2.00 and $2.50 Per Day, According to Location.

This Hotel is conveniently and pleasantly situated ; within a short distance
of the principal Railroad Depots and Steamboat Landings ; street cars
pass the doors going each way. The appointments of the House are in
every particular first-class.

The table is supplied with every luxury which the markets afford.

PEANUTS.

^JVlORFOLK stands pre-eminently above any market in America in
or this specialty. The importance of the crop and its bearing
upon other branches of trade are little understood even by our own
people, but it is one of the most valuable products of Eastern Virginia.

The two factories here are taxed to their utmost capacity ; give
employment to hundreds of hands, and daily ship assorted Peanuts to
various points, from Main to Texas. The factories are furnished with
machinery for polishing and assorting, which enables shippers to handle
an hundred times as many in a given length of time as could be handled
under the old washing and hand assorting process which was practiced
a year or two ago.

The article is believed to be and claimed of African origin ; originally
introduced into the Southern country during the last century by some
vessel landing cargoes. Africa yet continues by all odds, to be the

76 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

largest producer, for millions of bushels are grown there, being used
as a food staple, and furnishing a very large proportion of exports from
the French possessions, mainly to Marseilles, France, where oil is
manufactured. That port alone, in one year, claiming to have received
two and a half millions of bushels.

For many years they have been cultivated in this State, but in a
very irregular and careless manner ; in fact they were considered beneath
the dignity of attention as a crop, nor did any trade think much better
of them.

It was only during the war and perhaps not until 1863 or '64, that
prices advanced high. The demand increased rapidly, and inference
leads to the opinion it was stimulated by camp followers and idle times
among multitudes. It is quite certain, soon after that, our farmers in
this vicinity, took hold of them as a crop, gradually increasing year by
year until in 1878, it reached 875,000 bushels, bringing full $1,000,000
into the State.

The following is a comparative estimate of crops and prices by year,
for Virginia :

1867

75,000 bushel:

1868

150,000

(C

1869

424,000

it

1870

270,000

a

1871

195,450

a

1872

324,000

a

1873

225,000

a

1874

350,000

a

1875

450,000

ii

1876

780,000

a

1877

405,000

u

1878

875,000

u

1879

1,000,000

a

$3.25@|3.75

1.75@

3.00

3.00@

3 60

2.00@

2.75

1.50@

2.80

2.00@

2.50

90@

2.50

1.75@

2.80

1.55@

2.25

1.40@-

1.75

75@

1.35

70@

1.30

The entire crop of the State is produced in the few counties
immediately contiguous to Norfolk, including the counties of Sussex,
Surry, Southampton, Isle of Wight, Nansemond, Warwick and Princess
Anne. Nearly all pass through this place, about four-fiths of the crop
finding a market here, from whence they are distributed to consuming
points.

Notwithstanding the large increase in production, consumption appears
able and capable of meeting it. From the beginning of the new crop,
1st of October last, a good demand started up and encourages the hope
that all will meet readv sale.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

77

"WELLER & CO.,

WHOLESALE SEALERS AND PBOPEIETOES OF THE

- ::.■

BRANDS OF

Virginia Hand-Picked

Cor. Water and Fayette Sts.;

M&MF&MM, WM,

7

ORDERS AND CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED,

REFERENCE, BURRUSS, SON & CO., BANKERS, NORFOLK.

78 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

FURNITURE, CARPETS AND PIANOS.

jVjORFOLK contains, beyond the possibility of a doubt, as large
cy establishments and as complete stocks in this line, as can be found
in any Southern city. She has seven apparently prosperous houses,
carrying stocks of every style from the richest and most chaste designs
to the less pretentious and cheaper classes of goods — Parlor, Drawing-
room, Chamber and Office sets of Furniture, from the most elaborately
carved Rosewood and Black Walnut, to those made out the native pine.
The firms engaged in the business have displayed great enterprise, and
all sections of the manufacturing world have contributed to the varied
assortments they carry, until the most fastidious taste can be gratified,
or the humbler cottage of the mechanic made tenantabie.

Floor coverings of every imaginable character, from the Axminster of
exquisite pattern, to the ordinary American Carpets and Mattings.

The recent advances in raw material, commencing' in the revival of
ore mining, and all iron industries, have met with a corresponding
increase in prices of Furniture and Carpetings; but many of our dealers
had pretty well supplied themselves in anticipation of the Fall and
Spring seasons, so that they were less effected by the advance which
manufacturers announced, than those who possessed of less capital, were
not able to stock their warehouses and salesrooms in anticipation of
local demands.

The largest Piano and Organ factories in the world are located in this
country, and nearly all have agencies in this city. The number of
instruments annually sold here, would if summed up, represent a large
monied value. One of these instruments may be considered a house-
hold necessity. The superior delicacy of tone, outward finish, and
reputation of manufacturer, are the three most important considerations
that influence purchasers in their selections, and where their knowledge
upon these three points is defective, the only safeguard against imposi-
tion is to seek a responsible and reputable dealer whose judgment and
representation can be relied upon.

Having passed through seasons of remarkable financial depression
unscathed, to a substantial and prosperous issue, some of the Furniture,
Carpeting and Piano dealers of JSorfolk, have taken high rank as men
possessed of more than an ordinary degree of financial ability and
business vim.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

79

FURNITURE, CARPETING

AND

PIAWOS.

.A. STEVENS &

Cor. Main and Granby Streets.

TXZS

II II II III.

The Largest and Most Complete Stock

OF ANI HOUSE IS OUR BUSINESS IN VIRGINIA.

OUR FURNITURE DEPARTMENT

Is most complete, embracing every article wanted to furnish a house, from
the cheapest to the most elaborate and expensive quality.

Is fully stocked with all grades of floor covering, from that wanted by the poor man for
his cottage to the Finest Velvet or Brussells Carpet for the mansion of the rich.

AVe call especial attention to our MUSIC DEPARTMENT. We keep constantly
a large assortment of the very best PIANOS made in the World, comprising the
celebrated instruments of CHTCKERING & SONS, STEINWAY & SONS, HENRY F.
MILLER and W. P. EMERSON. Every instrument sold at manufacturers' prices
and guaranteed for live years.

We keep in Stock the largest assortment of SHEET MUSIC and MUSIC BOOKS
in this section. Orders filled by mail, and a liberal discount given to teachers.

Our Prices are Guaranteed as Low as in New York or Baltimore.

80 ■ NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS OENTRE ■; i!

MANUFACTURER OF

Picture Frames,

AND DEALER IN

FURNITURE,

WINDOW SHADES, CLOCKS,

Carpets, Mattresses,
BABY CARRIAGES, LOOKING GLASSES.

Chromos, Passepartouts, Picture Cord, Tassels, &c.

THE ONLY FIRST-CLASS FURNITURE AND CARPET

INSTALMENT HOUSES

IN THE CITY.

182 and 184 Church Street,

JUST ABOVE ST. PAUL'S CHURCH,)

NORFOLK, VA.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

m

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S 'KJJSm WJfSJSSSs W5S3^V \\TO\\Y^ WS3NS<S> VWSWV

(SUCCESSOR TO LIPSCOMB, HILDRETH & CO.)

AVHOLESA.LE AND RETAIL DEALER IN

ETC., ETC.,

®s %% Mmw®h% Jtoemue*"

Having recently purchased the entire interest of the above-named firm, and having
laid in one of the Largest and Finest stocks of Furniture south of Baltimore, I would
respectfully invite my former patrons and the public generally to GIVE ME A CALL.
I HAVE COMPLETELY FILLED MY STORE WITH

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS,

WHICH I BUY IN SUCH QUANTITIES, AND ON SUCH TERMS. AS TO INSURE THE
VERY LOWEST FIGURES.

My Establishment is strictly FIRST-CLASS. I possess every possible facility
and my CUSTOMERS ARE GUARANTEED PERFECT SATISFACTION. A
call from the Ladies is solicited. My stock of

CHAMBER AND PARLOR FURNITURE

IS ONE OF THE FINEST FVER EXHIBITED IN NORFOLK.

NEW GOODS CONSTANTLY ARRIVING. NEWEST STYLES AND RICHEST
DESIGNS. I DEFY COMPETITION IN QUALITY AND PRICES.

» __

GREAT REDUCTION IX

FURNITURE, LOUNGES, M. T and EXTENSION TABLES,

WALNUT PARLOR & CHAMBER SUITES, CRADLES,

SIDEBOARDS, ETC., ETC.

GEO. H. HILBRETH,

WO. 4>£S RQAflfOKE AVE9UE, HQRFOLK, Y&.

**- CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED FROM COUNTRY MERCHANTS.

82 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

A. E. HALL & CO.,

AND DEALERS IN

PARLOR, CHAMBER, DINING-ROOM AND OFFICE

FURNITURE,

METALLIC AND CLOTH BURIAL CASES AND CASKETS, WOOD

COFFINS AND CASES, BURIAL ROBES, UNDERTAKERS'

TRIMMINGS, AC. &C.

181 and 183 MASONIC TEMPLE, NORFOLK, VA.

MiTEvery facility for conducting the Undertaker's business in First-class
Style. ORDERS BY TELEGRAPH PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.

CHAS, OT. LIPSCOMB,

WITH

G-EO. H. HILDRETH, (Successor to Lipscomb, Hildreth & Co.)

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN

FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES,
No. 42 Roanoke Avenue, Norfolk, Va.

STAVES.

AUOEFOLK has long supplied the Windward Islands with all the
Cy? Staves needed by those colonies for making packages for their
rum, sugar and molasses. Many of the wine-making districts on the
Mediterranean also obtain their supplies of Staves from Norfolk.

The timber of which our Staves are made, is found to be not only
well suited for wine casks, but more care is taken in their manufacture
than in any other stave market in the country. They are subjected to a
most rigid inspection by experienced, licensed inspectors, whose duty it
is to reject all staves that do not conform to the requirements of the

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 83

annexed specifications. There is little or no surplus wood on our staves.
They are carefully prepared ready for the cooper, with wood enough, but
not in excess of the wants of the makers of casks left on them, whereby
much is saved in the item of ocean freight.

The Stave trade of Norfolk already large, is increasing and it is
regarded as one of our most valuable industries. In 1878 Staves to the
value of $298,749 were exported from Norfolk.

Our White Oak Timber, besides being largely made into staves for
rum and wine casks, is extensively used for ship building purposes, for
which its superiority over the White Oak grown in other sections has long
been recognized by the Navy Department and the shipwrights of the
North and East. It is of very close grain, heavy and tough, and of
great durability.

It is a notable fact that there are Naval ships in perfectly sound
condition, now in active service, which were built at the Norfolk Navy-
yard more than thirty years ago, of White Oak grown in Tide-water
Virginia; and it is equally well known that there are numerous Naval
ships now lying condemned, as unfit for service, after one or two cruises,
which were built at other Navy-yards of White Oak grown in other
sections. It was the practice of the Government in former times, to
require that all oak timber delivered for its use should be grown within
fifty miles of salt water; but during the late war this was impracticable,
and therefore it was dispensed with. It is strange, however, in view of
all past experience, that the Government has not seen fit to restore this
clause in its contracts for White Oak Timber, and thus secure for its own
. use the valuable coast oaks of Virginia and North Carolina. Such of
our oaks as grow near the coast resembles in all respects the famous
" Pasture Oak " of England.

Foreign shipments of this product have not been so large during the
past few years as formally, but it is not doubted that with the general
revival of trade in all the great business centres, our exports of oak will
again be as large if not larger than in former periods.

Dimensions of and Directions for Getting Dressed Staves
and Heading for the Norfolk Market.

White Oak Pipe Staves — 54 to 56 inches long, not less than 54
inches. — 3 J inches and upward wide; must not be less than 3J inches,
and not less than 1 inch thick on thin edge.

White Oak Hhd. Staves — 42 to 44 inches long, not less than 42 inches
— 3J inches and upward wide ; must not be less than 3| inches, and not
less than f inch thick on thin edgei

84 v ; NOKFOfcK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

White Oak Heading— -28, 30 and 32 inches long — 5 inches and upward
wide ■;'■ not less than 5 inches, and full f inch thick on thin edge.

White Oak Barrel Staves — 32 to 34 inches long, 3 inches and upward
wide; not less than 3 inches, and not less than f inch thick on thin edge.
Red Oak Hhd. Staves — 42 to 44 inches long, not less than 42 inches —
should be 4 inches and upward wide; must not be less than 3J inches
in any part, and from f to 1 inch and upward thick on the thin edge.
*■ All Staves and Heading must be of sound wood, free from knots and
all other defects. Must be rived with the grain, and split from the bark
to the centre — not slabbed off. They must be straight, with square edges,
and moderately dressed with drawing knife to nearly a uniform thickness.

White Oak Staves and Heading must be free of sap.

Red Oak Staves may have sap on them. White Oaks with sap on
them are classed Red Oaks.

Makers of Staves should get none less than full one inch thick, to
allow for shrinkage in seasoning, and they should lay off the logs one or
two inches longer than the Staves are required to be, to allow for the
" running of the saw." Want of length is fatal to any of the classes of
Staves.

All Staves are sold here by the long thousand of 1200 pieces.

PETERS & REED,
SHIPPING and COMMISSION MERCHANTS,

AND DEALERS IN

STAVES, TIMBER, &C.

TOWN POINT, NORFOLK. WATER STREET, PORTSMOUTH.

IRON WORKS AND MARINE RAILWAYS.

liNDUSTRIES have been given fresh impetus and from the Gulf on
p the South, and the Pacific on the West, Norfolk's rightful position
us a commercial centre is being more fully understood and appreciated
each season. At present the manufacturing interests of the city are of
the most encouraging character. Just emerging from a protracted period
of unprecedented shrinkage in values of all kinds, of over competition
and consequent overproduction throughout the whole country, Norfolk's
industrial interests are in just the condition to enter heartily and healthily

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 85

upon the new era which is apparent in all divisions of manufacture and
trade.

, No industries have suffered more in consequence of the long financial
strain which has been upon the country, than these, but with the unusual
demand for iron and general revival of ore mining in the almost aban-
doned districts of West Virginia, they have been re-invigorated.

Possessed of large capital, enterprising and educated manufacturers,
and skilled artisans, with manufactures of reasonable variety and of
wide distribution, situated in proximity to the singularly rich iron, coal,
timber, tobacco, corn and cotton districts, there is every reason wrhy, in
the new era of industrial and commercial activity which has dawned,
Norfolk should enter upon a period of business life which will greatly
exceed in its results anything she has ever before accomplished. Upon
visiting the different Iron Works, Boiler Shops, Foundries, and Marine
Railways of the city, the greatest activity will meet the eye, vessels on
the ways, others lying in the stream close by waiting in turn ; hammers
striking with deafening regularity in the boiler shops ; the engine build-
ing establishments working their full complement of hands trying to
catch up with orders, and foundries operating to their full capacity.

Being the central point for shipping, the building, overhauling and
repairing of vessels should be carried on to a greater extent than at pres-
ent, and yet the amount of work done annually in this line foots up to
a large amount of money. The establishment of a Sectional Dry-dock
company with from $200,000 to $250,000 capital, would doubtless pay
its stockholders a handsome percentage upon their investment and render
the industry of ship building &c, in Norfolk one of gigantic proportions.

It has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of experts in the art, that
vessels, especially wooden ones, can be built to better advantage and
more cheaply here than at points farther North or South. The superior
quality of Virginia ship timber, which is at all times preferable for the
purpose, and which can be so readily and cheaply obtained in Norfolk,
renders this truth at once apparent. With the addition of a few thousand
dollars, the facilities already at hand for the prosecution of this great
industry can be so improved upon as to create a business three times as
great in volume as it is at present.

Extensive buildings, machinery in excellent order, and all appliances
necessary for the business can be found in many of the yards at Norfolk.

With Eastern Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, this city enjoys
an extensive trade in machinery, engines, boilers, &c, and the reputation
which our manufacturers have in these districts, ensures for them each
season enough orders to keep them operating their works with a full force.

86

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

VIRGINIA

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SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THE " GODWIN PATENT

HORIZONTAL @ VERTICAL

ENGINE AND SAFETY BOILER,

EITHER PORTABLE, SEMI-PORTABLE OR STATIONARY.

All Bolters for Agricultural use are fitted with the " GODWIN PATENT
FIRE ARRESTING ATTACHMENT " when desired, making
the Engines ABSOLUTELY SAFE FROM FIRE.

We are prepared to Build, at short notice and at rates that will compete
with any establishment in the country, Marine and Stationary Engines,

Boilers, Saw and Grist Mills, Locomotives for Wood and Iron Rail,

Castings, Forgings, Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, Iron Pipe, Boiler Tubes.

Steam Pumps, Steam Yachts, &c, &c.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

87

A

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DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

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Machinery of all kinds, new and second-hand, bought and sold

88

NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

iltef

!MHt

CHARLES W. PETTIT, Prop'r.
Nos. 280 and 282 Water Street, Norfolk, Va.

MANUFACTURER OF

Steam Engines, Boilers, Saw and Grist Mills,

SHAFTING, PULLEYS, HANGERS, FORGINGS & CASTINGS.

Special attention given to the repair of STEAMBOATS and MACHINERY
of all kinds.

■^g- MACHINISTS and BOILER MAKEFS sent to any part of the country
to repair work.

old if tilt K f orotimt

206 Water Street, Norfolk, Va.

Manufactures every description of CASTINGS, Iron and Brass, at short
notice and at Baltimore prices.

No Extra charge for PATTERNS, of which I have an extensive variety.

HIGHEST CASH PRICES PAID FOR OLD METALS.

Wm. A. GRAVES,
|team Sectional Jjjarine Railway,

Lumber
Manufacturer,

Saw and Planing

[ILLS,

&

ALL KINDS OF BRACKETS FURNISHED ON SHORT NOTICE,

Nos. 211 and 212 Water Street, Norfolk, Va.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 89

GEO. W. DUVAL <fc CO.,

SOOTOtK WOU W0BK8,

Cor. WATER AND NEBRRASKA STS., NORFOLK, VA.

Engines^ Boilers, Saw Mills,

AND ALL, KINDS OF

MACHINERY of the MOST IMPROVED PATTERNS.

ALSO REPAIRING AT THE SHORTEST NOTICE.

«9~ PARTICTJEAK ATTENTION PAID TO STEAMBOAT WOEK.^

Duval's Patent BOILER TUBE FERRULES are the only perfect remedy for Leaky
Boiler Tubes. They can be inserted in a few minutes by any Engineer, and are
guaranteed to stop the leaks.

SEEDSMEN, FLORISTS & NURSERYMEN.

•

■ck

/L GREAT many people deny Florists a place among recognized and
C7 V useful tradesmen, but when it is remembered that they are also
Nurserymen, all will agree that they cultivate an art which requires
special knowledge and special culture, and confer a great benefit upon
the community. Too many people associate the Florist's business with
marriage festivals or funerals, when they should be regarded in the
light of those whose business it is to develop an art the practice of
which makes our homes beautiful and bright. In the household, where
the taste for flowers is indulged in as companions and sources of continual
pleasure, the Florist is held in high favor as a most deserving tradesman.

The floral gardens in and around this city have not been in operation
many years, but have developed a profitable business and many rare
plants not previously introduced have found favor and successful propa-
gation in our midst. Fruit trees, &c, from every conceivable quarter
and of every variety, have been experimented upon until those speciallv
adapted to this climate and soil have been brought to a very high state
of perfection. Persons who plant are not left to the exercise of their
judgments unguided by experience in the selection of their trees, but
can avail themselves of the experiments made by the Nurseryman.

Seedsmen occupy to the farmer, almost the same position that the
druggists do the inexperienced purchaser of their medicines — the farmer
has to rely upon the judgment and integrity of the Seedsman, in many
instances, as his only safeguards against loss of lime, labor and money.

To build up vaud retain a large trade in this business, requires the
most careful, conscientious regard upon the dealer's part for the interest
and welfare of his patrons, together with a thorough knowledge of every

90 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

detail associated with the prosecution of the business as buyer, planter
and gatherer. The honorable distinction which our Seedsmen have
achieved, points unmistakably to the fact that they have pursued their
calling upon those principles, or they would never have gathered around
them the confidence and patronage of such a large and prosperous class
of farmers and truckers as abound in the vicinity of Norfolk. Four
Florists and Nurserymen, and two Seedsmen, supply the local trade, and
large orders are being shipped daily to the West and South.

GrEOKGE TAIT,

IMPORTER OF AND DEALER IN

emus*}, §mwfiv, rmwn, cm^im

No. 7 Market Square, (East Side), Norfolk, Va.

RAILROAD, STEAMBOAT 9 MACHINISTS'

SUPPLIES.

ij&REAT improvements have been made in the business of Railroad,
^Steamboat and Machinists' Supplies in Norfolk, during the past few
vears. New firms have entered the field, larger stocks are kept by
dealers, the trade generally has been brought to a higher state of organ-
ization and made to increase the limits of its operations. The business
derives its success from the sources upon which its title is founded, and
when these sources are numerous, as is the case here, its growth is not at
all a matter of surprise.

Everything in this line can be bought here to-day at from 25 to 50
per cent, less than they could six or eight years ago, in fact, competition
and the increased demand for consumption have had a tendency to
bring prices down, until dealers are satisfied with very small margins.

Every article necessary for use on a Steamboat, Railroad or in the Machine
Shop can be had here as cheaply as in any other city; and every improved
device for use in any department of mechanics usually supplied from a
Railroad, Steamboat and Machinists' Furnishing Establishment, can be
obtained by simply applying to the houses in that line of business.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

91

E. V, WHITE
CHAS. SCHROEDER,

Consulting and
Marine Engineers.

E. Y. WHITE & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS' AGENTS

Railroad, Steamboat and Milll

IRON, STEEL, OILS, PAINTS AND CORDAGE,

STEAM ENGINES, BOILERS, TOOLS AND MACHINERY, BELTING, PACKING,

LACE LEATHER, COPPER RIVETS AND BURS, GUM AND LEATHER

HOSE, WROUGHT IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS.

GLOBE VALVES, STEAM COCKS, WHISTLES, OIL CUPS, WASTE, FILES, LAMPS, LANTERNS.
WHITE AND RED LEADS, BOLTS. NUTS AND WASHERS.

No. 12 COMMERCIAL ROW, (Near Ferry Wh'f.)

NORFOLK, VA.

>:. V. WHITE,

CHAS. SCHROEDER.

I* usi

NEAR FERRY WHARF, NORFOLK,

fganillat totttl Pgptuj Wnthp,

Tar, Pitch, Rosin, Oakum and Turpentine,

SHIP'S BLOCKS,

PAINT OILS AND PAINT BRUSHES,

LANTERN, SIDE AND BOW LIGHTS, &e.

92

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 93

SASH, DOORS AND BLINDS.

fHE many Saw and Planing Mills, their stacks towering high above
the ordinary buildings that line the shores of the rivers and smaller
streams in the vicinity of Norfolk, contribute their quota of material of
this character every year for home use or re-shipment to other districts.
All along the banks of the Elizabeth River, up the railroads, canals or
tributary waters, and in the midst of the thick timber regions of
Virginia and North Carolina, are situated these mills innumerable.
Millions of feet of lumber and building material, yearly find Nor-
folk a ready and convenient market. The quality of this material is
too well known and fills too important a place in building circles, to
require elaborate mention at our hands. Contractors find no occasion
to seek other markets in order to complete their contracts, as the manu-
facture of Sash, Window Frames, Doors, Blinds and Mouldings, of every
conceivable shape and size, is here carried on so extensively that they
can be had at satisfactory rates and without unusual notice.

The trade has received fresh impetus of late in consequence of a revival
in house building, measuring in growth favorably with that of other
cities, at the same time keeping up to the standard established by other
factories.

Where a visit to these establishments is not convenient, it is only
necessary to forward to them a description of material required, in order
to obtain estimates compatible with quality and sound business principles.

100 & 102 WATER STREET, NORFOLK, VA.

RECEIVER AND SHIPPER OF ALL KINDS

BUILDING AND FINISHING LIMES,

SiKETiTi ULiTIIYXIErS.,

Portland, Roman, Keene's and Rosendale Cements;

CALCINE, DENTAL, CASTING AND LAND PLASTER;

Itorble Puet, (Eoul Pust, £ atfjs, lire (Elatn

PRESS, ANGLE, CORNICE, FIRE, PAVING AND BUILDING BRICKS,

TAR, ROSIN, SLATES, &c,

S&" Special Rates in Freights and Prices for wholesale lots.

94 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

OUR FOREIGN TRADE.

HE unrivalled facilities possessed by our port as a great exporting
centre for the Southern and Western States, are gradually being
developed, and since 1873-4, have made substantial progress until now
there are two Steam Freight Lines plying between Norfolk and Liverpool
during the cotton season, giving us in the Fall months a semi-weekly
Steamship, and in the winter and early Spring, a weekly Steamship from
our port to England.

The first Steamship which ever loaded at Norfolk for Liverpool, was
the Steamship Ephesus, which in 1866 carried as part of her cargo 733
bales of cotton, which was a greater amount of cotton than had been
exported in all previous years from this port direct to Europe. The
next year, two of our firms entered quite largely into the export of
cotton by steam and sail, and 14,168 bales were sent to Europe. The
trade next year fell off nearly one half, and gradually declined until
1871-2, when only 4,687 bales were exported. The next season the
quantity doubled, and in 1873-4 it assumed large proportions, nearly
50,000 bales being exported either direct or by through bills of lading
through Northern cities. Since then the growth of the export trade
has been rapid, and in 1878—79, 535,383 bales were shipped direct by
steam and sail from Norfolk to Europe.

Messrs. William Lamb & Co., who were the pioneers in this direct
trade, for two seasons had a line in connection with the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad, the Steamers starting from Baltimore, calling here to
finish loading for Liverpool. Afterwards they had a line of transient
steamers under the Spanish and English flags, which contributed
to the building up a trade which last season culminated in the establish-
ment of the Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk Steamship Line, which
despatches first-class Iron Steamships during the cotton season at such
intervals as the demands of the trade require. It is expected that this
year, 1880, the line will have a continuous service to accommodate the
Virginia tobacco and cattle trade through the Summer months. This
line has connections through our railroads with the South and West by
means of through bills of lading.

Messrs. Reynolds Bros., who are among the largest cotton exporters
in the United States, and who have also despatched transient steam and
sail vessels for a number of years to Europe, established this season a

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 95

freight line to Liverpool, called "The South Atlantic Steamship
Line," which with its interior connections bids fair to become an estab-
lished institution of great importance to our commerce.

The firms of Messrs. Ricks & Milhado and Messrs. Barry Bros., have
also contributed substantially in building up our direct export trade,

James L. Harway, Esq., President of the Virginia Compress Com-
pany, who is associated with the Liverpool, Memphis and Norfolk
Steamship Line, and who has a line of first-class sailing vessels to
Liverpool during the cotton season, has rendered great service in estab-
lishing on a permanent basis our trade with Europe.

In addition to the Virginia Compress Company and the Seaboard
Compress Company, (Mess. Reynolds Bros., proprietors), two institutions
absolutely essential to direct trade in the great staple, Messrs. Bain Bros.,
of Portsmouth, are about erecting two mammoth Cotton Compresses on
their extensive wharves in Gosport, which are ultimately to be connected
with our two great railroad systems, which through the Seaboard &
Roanoke and Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroads, permeate the
great cotton belt east of the Mississippi, and which through the Memphis
and Little Rock Railroad will before long tap the Texas and West
Mississippi cotton regions.

The projected extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from
Huntington to Lexington, and from Richmond to tide- water, will add
to our exports the tobacco, grain, breadstuffs and meats of the North-
west ; when the present fleet of Ocean Steamships leaving our waters for
Liverpool and other European ports, will increase beyond the most
sanguine expectations of our enterprising merchants.

The following tables will illustrate the growth of our direct trade. It
will be noticed that our exports for 1879, exceeded in value those of
1870, $11,402,507.

Direct shipments of cotton by bales, from Norfolk to Liverpool and the
Continental ports from 1865 to 1880.

1865-'6 - - - 733 bales. 1873-'4 - - - - 20,346 bales.

1866-'7 - - - 14,168 " 1874'-5 - - - 67,212 "

1867-'8 - - - 8,279 " 1875-'6 - - 108,683 "

1868-'9 - - - 7,527 " 1876-'7 - - -116,855 "■

1869-'70 - - - 4,745 « 1877-'8 - - 159,357 "

1870-'l - - - 5,142 " 1878, Jan. 1, to Dec.

1871-'2 - - - 4,687 " 31, 1879 - - 535,383 "

1872-\3 - - - 8.282 "

96

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE :

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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 97

MMWM&MBM MMBTMBMM

$&j>

AND. SHIPPERS OF

Cotton, Grain # Naval Stores,

AND

ALSO AGENTS OF

SOUTH ATLANTIC STEAMSHIP LINE

TO LXVEBPOOL,

LIVERPOOL, MEMPHIS II NORFOLK STEAMSHIP LINE.

♦

Consisting of First-class Freight Steamers consigned to William Lamb A'

Co., of Norfolk, Va., to load on berth for Liverpool England.

Splendid A. 1 Spanish Steamship ALAVA, . . . 2,244 Tons.

" « •« BUENAVENTURA, - 1,7G3 «

« « « EMILIANO, - - - 2,098 "

« « " TRURACBAT, - - 2,197 "

« « British " EUPHRATES, - - - 2,025 "

<» «« •« « EGBERT, - - - 1,717 "
Aim! other A. 1 Iron Steamships.

Through Bills of Lading. — Our arrangements with the Atlantic, Mississippi
and Ohio Railroad enables us to collect freight at best current rates, at
Atlanta, Memphis, Montgomery, Seluaa, and all points in Tennessee, North
Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. Our arrangements with the Seaboard
and Roanoke enable us to collect from Augusta, Charlotte, Raleigh,
Wilmington, and all points in North and South Carolina and Georgia.
With the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad we have through bill of Lading
from Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., and contiguous points. By
coastwise lines we can collect freight on most favourable terms from Savannah,
Alexandria, Richmond, and other ports.

Correspondence in regard to shipments of freight to Liverpool solicited.

Steamships of the line are prepared to contract for carrying cattle.

WILLIAM LAMB & CO..

GENERAL AGENTS. NORFOLK. VA.

98 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

WILLIAM LAMB & CO.,

Ship I Steamship Agents,

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS,
NORFOLK, VA.

BRANCH OFFICE, FORT MONROE, HAMPTON ROADS.

We use Scott's Code, edition of 1878, and Anglo-American Steamship Cable

Code.

ALLAN and NORTH GERMAN LLOYDS Steamship Lines,

Issuing Through Bills of Lading from Norfolk to
LIVERPOOL, BREMEN, AND OTHER EUROPEAN PORTS.

"LIVERPOOL, MEMPHIS UNO NORFOLK STEAMSHIP LINE,"

Consignment of First-class Freight Steamers solicited, to load upon this
Line. Ships chartered from all ports of the United States.

CO^LHsTO- DEPOT.

Steamships consigned to us supplied with best Steam Coals, and quick
dispatch in harbor or at Quarantine Station at lowest rates.

DISTRESSED VESSELS. — Consignments of distressed vessels solicited
•and satisfaction guaranteed.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 99

Steamship Agents, Ship Brokers

AND

GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS,

NORFOLK, VA.

OFFICES, NORFOLK CITY AND HAMPTON ROADS, VA.

Vice Consulates of Great Britain Netherlands aud Brazil.

Agents for Lloyd's, Liverpool, Glasgow, Italian, Dutch, French and Austrian
Underwriters.
Cahle Address, "MYERS," Norfolk.

STOVES AND TINWARE.

HE growth and development of the Stove and Tinware business,
have of late years been most gratifying, and the houses at present
engaged in it carry larger and more complete assortments than ever
before. Like other trades, it has responded promptly to the demand for
improved appliances for the promotion of luxury or comfort, and new
designs in stoves, heaters, ranges and tin utensils, are constantly claiming
meritorious positions in the long list already before the people.

The largest and best foundries in the United States send their
products here, while the tin manufacturers of the country find Norfolk
a strong drawer upon their productive resources. Passing almost any
of the shops here one cannot fail to be impressed with the activity of
the trade, as evidenced by the general stir of employees in the sales-
rooms, and the din of the workingmen's hammers resounding from the
upper stories of these large, and handsome buildings.

The business is represented by five firms, in excellent standing, and
their capital is estimated to be between $80,000 and $100,000, besides
a great many smaller ones of which no account is made.

The trade continues to increase, and the addition of improved facilities
every season for manipulating it preclude a diminution in the future,
while purchasers continue to realize the fact that prices, styles and terms
are identical with those of other cities.

too

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

CITY STOVE HOUSE, ESTABLISHED 1838.

Vt

J%?$

MANUFACTURERS OF AND JOBBERS IN

Stoves and Tin-ware,

Cor. Water Street and Roanoke Square.

cb

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BOYNTON'S, BIBBS',

AND

OLDEN SUN FIRE PLACE

'*

OF HAND,
PUT UP BY THROUGHLY EXPERIENCED WORKMEN.

CALL AND EXAMINE OUR GOODS BEFORE
PURCHASING- ELSEWHERE.

AT THE OLD STAND.

3D. S. CHBE/BY & CO.,

Cor. ROANOKE SQUARE AND WATER STREET NORFOLK. VA.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

101

MAPP & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN

Plain, Japanned and Stamped

TIN-WARE.

Lamp! House-furnishing Goods,

METALLIC ROOFING,

106 Water St., N.W. Cor. Roanoke Sqr.,
NORFOLK, VA.

102 NOKFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE:

BOOTS AND SHOES.

M HE Boot and Shoe Trade of Norfolk, is one of very great and
^ yearly increasing importance. Low rates and superior shipping-
facilities between this city and Boston, have had an important bearing
upon the growth and present prosperity of this trade, so much so, that
houses here can and do compete with other markets in goods of Eastern
manufacture. Southern and South-western buyers have begun to realize
the fact, that prices here are in many instances identical with those at the
factories, and often less, as our dealers buy in large quantities and when
the market is dull, while the smaller dealer or the dealer farther South,
does not make his purchases until the season has fully opened, and then
in smaller quantities. Thus it is that Norfolk Boot and Shoe Houses
obtain all the advantages offered by an advanced market, and can aiford
to extend more liberal terms to those who buy later and in smaller lots.
We have here five wholesale houses, and about twelve retail, requiring
a combined capital of nearly three hundred thousand dollars to conduct
them. This amount is in continual activity, and manipulated by men
of broad business ideas and sterling integrity — men who are intimately
acquainted with the wants of the trade, and thorougly understand their
business in its most minute details. Their annual sales are large, and
through the agency of a competent corps of travelling salesmen, many
thousands of dollars worth of goods are bought by merchants in the
South who rarely if ever visit the market.

While Norfolk's principal trade does not extend beyond the Carolinas,
through this one branch her reputation has far exceeded the limits marked
out by less enterprising and narrower-viewed dealers.

Bills bought here are guaranteed duplicates of regular Northern
prices, and dealers are cordially invited to satisfy themselves by a
personal examination.

SMITH BT. BRICKHOUSE,

WHOLESALE

$OOt$ A*f*> SSOSS,

Corner Water and Commerce Streets,

NORFOLK, VA.

ITS PEINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 103

WHITEHEAD, SON & CO.,

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN

BOOTS and SHOES,

Nos. 4 and 6 Market Square,

JOHN B. WHITEHEAD, \

$&ESSBS£* NORFOLK, VA.

C. C. RICHARDSON. )

MARKETS.

«&ITUATED in the centre of such a magnificent trucking or garden -
Cf ing region, it naturally follows that Norfolk Markets should
contain every choice vegetable grown in this section — which they do —
besides the finest fish, oysters and game that abound in tide- water
Virginia.

We have now three large market houses, where every delicacy from the
choicest South-west Virginia beef, to the luscious tropical fruits can be
had.

Throughout the city are scattered stores denominated "green groceries,"
which are supplied regularly by country wagons with fresh vegetables,
poultry and meats.

•»-CHAPEL STREET MAEKET.

W. St. DAV18.

DEALER IN

Choice Family Groceries, Fruits?

VEGETABLES, PROVISIONS, &c.

No. 105 Chapel Street, Norfolk, Virginia.

PROVISION DEALERS,

No. 1 1 Commercial Row, Norfolk, Va.

Butter received direct from the DAIRIES.

We are agents for L. B. Darling's PIGS' FEET and TRIPE.

104

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

§

Cor. Church and Queen Sts.,

NORFOLK, VA.

This MARKET is conducted on the same principles as the City Market.
Everything in the way of

Meats, Fowls, Fish,

OYSTERS AND VEGETABLES,

Can be had FRESH and CHEAP, any hour in the day. In connec-
tion with the Market is a

I^irst-Olass

w\ SW-

vw *»

fOiC

""AlKt-tJUT MmMuEm * ,

Where families can be supplied with eyerything needed and at

BOTTOM PRICES.

E. M. QUIMBY.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 105

C0TT0N.--C0MMISSI0N.

** M OTTON is King, and Norfolk is one of the King's best cards."
^ She ranks to-day, third in the markets of America, and a most
gratifying increase in her receipts is visible every year.

Savannah and New Orleans are the only two markets for this staple
that exceed her in importance. She has attained her present proud
position, not only through the instrumentality of her great natural
advantages, but through the activity and uncpuestioned stability of her
commission houses, who have, in the control of extensive capital, now
about two millions of dollars, devoted their best energies and business
tact toward attracting the attention of producers and shippers to her vast
and superior facilities for handling this King production of the soil.

Prior to, and indeed just after the late war, very little cotton sought
Norfolk as a market ; but when the current did set in, it swelled with
unprecedented rapidity, until now the cotton business of Norfolk has
assumed such immense proportions that it may be considered the corner-
stone to her present fame and future greatness as a commercial city.
Thousands of laborers find constant employment, and millions of dollars
are yearly circulated in our midst. Three compress machines, with
capacity for compressiug about seven thousand bales per week each, are
kept going night and day, Sunday excepted, and yet plenty of work
can be had for two more. These machines reduce the bales to about
one-third of their original size, enabling them to be more easily packed
into the vessels awaiting them at the wharves.

A view of a section of the city's water front on page 47 presents a
scene which can be witnessed at any time, during the season, of vessel
loading for European markets.

In 1874, the" "Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange" was
organized. The rooms are on Water street in the new and elegant
warehouse recently erected by Messrs. Reynolds Bros., and are readily
accessible to railroad depots and steamboat landings. These rooms are
frequented by members who consult the various black-boards, upon
which are chalked the prices, sales, &c, in the principal cotton centres of
the world. The. figures determined upon by authority of the Exchange
by members in committee, are the only figures recognized by the
" National Cotton Exchange. " The establishment of the Telephone
Exchange has greatly facilitateel the business of the Cotton Exchange,

106 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

;md to a great extent superseded the old system of sending reports by
carriers.

The following table shows the cotton receipts at Norfolk since 1858.
Those covering the years from 1858 to 1870, are substantially correct,
and were taken from records compiled by Messrs. C. W. Grandy &
Sons, the Cotton Exchange possessing no official records prior to its
organization in 1874:

Receipts each year of Cotton at this Port since 1858.

1858-'9 - - - 6,174 bales. I 1870-'l - - 302,930 bales.
1859-,60 - - 17,777 " 1871-'2 - - 258,730 "

1860-'l - - - 33,193 " I 1872-'3 - - 405,412

War between the States).
1865-'6 - - 59,096
1866-7 - - 126,287
1867-'8 - - 155,591
1868-'9 - - 164,789
1869-70 - - 178,352

1873-'4 - - 472,446

1874-'5 - - 392,235

1875-'6 - - 470,098

1876-7 - - 509,671

1877-'8 - - 429,207

1878-79 - - 443,285

Besides the commission houses and regular buyers for New England
manufacturers, there are a number of representatives of English and
Greek houses located in Norfolk.

The Scientific American indulges in the following figures concerning
last year's crop, and which may be interesting to those who have little
idea of the capital and labor employed, or the great bearing which the
industry has upon commerce and trade generally:

"A crop of 5,000.000 bales, averaging three acres to produce a bale, would be
15,000,000 acres, at $8 per acre, $120,000,000. One mule or horse to 25 acres, 800,000
mules, at $90, $72,000,000. Implements, harness, etc., and machinery, §50,000,000.
Showing a permanent investment of $242,000,000.

" Averaging three bales per hand would require 1,606,666 laborers, to feed and clothe
which, for a year with their dependents, would average $50 each, $82,666,667. To feed
team at $40 per mule, 800,000 mules, $32,000,000. Cost of bagging and ties at $1.40
per bale, $7,000,000. Cost of marketing crop at 1} cents per pound would give
$25,000,000. Working capital, $146,777,777. Average price expected for present crop,
at 11 cents per pound, for 2,000,000,000, $220,000,000.

Recapitulation: Now we have — permanent investment of planters, $242,000,000 ;
working capital, $145,777,777. Total capital invested exclusively in cotton cultiva-
tion, this estimate being made for the share system and not for wages, $388,777,777.

" Amount received for total crop, $220,000,000, which is equally divided between
the planters and laborers. Planters therefore receive $1 10,000.000— from which
deduct feed for team, $32,000,000; half cost bagging and ties, $3,500,000; half
marketing crop as chargeable to planter, $12,500,000 ; 20 per cent, in loss and
decreased value of stock, $14,400,000 ; 20 per cent, in loss and decreased implements
and machinery, $10,900,000— total $72,400,000. Repairing fences, houses, etc.,
at 10 per cent, on permanent investment, $12,000,000. Taxes on permanent invest-
ment, 3 per cent., $7,200,000. Deduct these amounts from the planter's share of crop,
$110,000,000, which shows planter's profit on total investment for cotton alone is 4{

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 107

per cent., provided we get 11 cents for cotton, make 5,000,000 bales and the laborer
pays his accounts in full. Laborers' share of crop, $110,000,000 ; amount chargeable
for food and clothes, $82,666,667 ; showing a profit for the laborers of $27,333,333.

" It will thus be observed that the laborer receives $27,000,000 on investment on
nothing but his muscle, while the planter receives $18,000,000 on an investment of
$388,000,000 and his services.

" Now we will omit the details of the number of slices that are plucked by the
wayside, and suppose our crop has reached the factory, simply saying that $25,000,000
more lias been added thereby to the price to be paid by the manufacturer since it
landed at the seaport from the planter. Our 5,000,000 bales now begin to loom up
and assume some importance, for they run 12,500,000 spindles, which require nearly
$1,000,000 in building, machinery and working capital, and employ 800,000 operatives
and employes. The manufactured goods are sent to every part of the known world,
creating a trade reciprocal business that can hardly be estimated, but without doing
which, as can be easily seen, it will reach into the billions.

" You can form no estimate of the number of banks, insurance companies, and trades
of all sorts that are sustained in all the ramifications of this immense traffic, to say
nothing of the fact that it serves to establish the equilibrium of the world's exchange
and gives to the United States the balance of trade. Of course it can only be
question of time when the South will manufacture nearly if not all the cotton it
raises. Circumstances may delay it, and we may not live to see it, but it will come. "

About 1748, seven bags of cotton, valued at S£. lis. 5d. per bag,
were exported from Charleston, South Carolina, but it was not positively
known to have been of native growth, although the founders of Georgia
designed that it should be the principal product of that State, and in
1734, a gentleman sent a few seed to the trustees. In 1790, seed sold in
Charleston for three shillings per pound and cotton was worth from 90
cents to $2.00 per pound. Gins were invented in 1742, improved by
different people in 1772, 1788, 1790; but Elias Whitney was the first
patentee — 1794. In 1788, a resident of Georgia stated in a letter to a
friend in Philadelphia, that he had heard of a machine that would gin
from 30 to 40 pounds of cotton per day and requested that one be bought
and sent him without regard to cost.

Only 3 bales of cotton were shipped from New York, 4 from Mary-
land and Virginia and three barreh from North Carolina, to Liverpool
in 1770, and from 1785 to 1790, 216,150 pounds were exported from
the United States. South Carolina exported over a million dollars
worth in 1795, the total product of the country being 8,000,000 pounds,
and in 1801, 48,000,000.

A glance at the table under head of exports from 1870 to 1879, page 96,
will convince the reader of Norfolk's wonderful growth as a cotton market
and export city. In 1870 she exported cotton valued at $675,876.00,
and in 1879, $11,778,181. In November 1878, $1,606,574 worth of
cotton went direct to Europe from here, and in November 1879, the
exports reached $3,059,654, being nearly double that of 1878. These
figures do not include shipments made by through bills of lading issued
by the different steamship lines and entered upon the Custom House
books of Baltimore and New York.

108

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

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ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 109

Commission Merchants,

No. 104 WATER STREET,
NORFOLK, VA.

S. S. GRESHAM. S. S. GRESHAM, Jr.

if

General Commission Merchants,

AND

WHOLESALE PROVISION DEALERS,
No. 94 Water Street, Norfolk, Va.

Solicit consignments of all kinds of Country Produce. Will make liberal
advances upon all consignments and guarantee full market prices.

We refer to all our Wholesale Merchants and to the Exchange National
Bank, of Norfolk, Va.

J. W. PERRY,

Successor to McGLAUHON & PERRY,

COTTON FACTOR

AND

General Commission Merchant,

Tunis' Warehouse and Wharf,

NORFOLK, VA.

CONSIGNMENTS SOLICITED.

110 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

S. F. PEARCE. W. F. ALLEN. J. T. BORUM.

PEARCE, ALLEN & BORUM,

COTTON FACTORS,

AND

20 & 22 COMMERCE ST., NORFOLK, VA.

* .

Special Attention to sale of Cotton, Grain, Lumber, Peanuts, Peas, and
all Country Products,

wm s francs FRANCIS^ & BROTHER^ J FRANC,S

Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants,

TOWN POINT, NORFOLK, VA.

Solicit Consignments of Cotton, Peanuts, &c. Cash orders for Supplies promptly
filled. Bagging and Ties at Lowest Market Prices.

HOUSE ESTABLISHED 1881.

KADER BIGGS & CO..
General Commission Merchants and Cotton Factors,

BICCS' WHARF, NORFOLK, VA.

LIBERAL CASH ADVANCES ON CONSIGNMENTS. PROMPT SALES AND RETURNS

UNLESS OTHERWISE INSTRUCTED. PRODUCE HELD IF DESIRED.

SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID to the Sale of COTTON and all kinds of COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Bagging and Ties Furnished on Liberal Terms. Consignments Respectfully Solicited

HATS AND CAPS AND FURS

• — -

ALTHOUGH competition in this department of the jobbing trade of
CTjv Norfolk is not so great as in others, it is a fairly active one, and
extends over a large region of country. The houses here keep their
salesmen out on the road nearly the whole year around, and while the
business, viewed locally, is comparatively insignificant, it foots up into a
large amount of dollars and cents. Every facility, advantageous to the
trade, is enjoyed by our dealers, and their stocks are as full and complete
as possible, so that they encounter no difficulty in suiting the tastes of
all sections, upon terms as reasonable as any.

Many improvements and a great deal of progress has been made in
the Hat, Cap and Fur business of the city ; larger stocks, more complete
stores, and an air of the most gratifying prosperity greet an observer,
and its rapid growth more forcibly impresses those whose acquaintance
with the trade extends back a few years. The most fashionable styles
are displayed in well arranged windows that line the principal business
streets of the city.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. Ill

BOTTOM PBICES

FOR

HATS, CAPS, FURS,

UMBRELLAS, CANES AND GLOVES,

—AT—

WM. STEVENS, "THE HATTER," 167 Main Street,
NORFOLK, VA.

BAKERIES.

^MORFOLK supplies not only the "staff of life " but the choicest
Cy kind of nic-nacs, to sections not alone near by, but to many very
remote. The products of her Bakeries can be found in almost any port,
and upon the shelves or behind the counters of our merchants ; these
products ranging from the ordinary " medford," to the delicious and
beautifully frosted wedding cakes.

Progress is no more apparent in any industry than in this, and the
many improvements recently made will justify that belief. Machinery,
buildings, and every improved device has been added from time to time
to make the industry one of the foremost in completeness in the city.

That success has attended the efforts of our bakers, can best be attested
by the fact that they work day and night forces, one relay of workmen
relieving the other at 6 o'clock p.m. each day, and fires are kept up from
early Monday morning until mid-night Saturday. As another evidence
of the solid growth of this business, it may be well to mention that no
failures have occurred, and those who commenced with limited capital
and meagre facilities have continually enlarged their sphere of operations
until they have put themselves into competition with the oldest and
wealthiest establishments.

Materials used in the prosecution of this business are bought from
local dealers, and the fine quality, coupled with prices compatable with
fairness, induces our jobbers to handle Norfolk made goods in preference
to those of other cities. Thus it is, that one branch operates to the
benefit of many others, and the spirit of " home patronage " is more
strongly defined in this than any other trade.

Nine Bakeries running here are estimated to employ $95,000 capital,
exclusive of amounts invested in real estate.

112 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

JAMES REIO. C. C. REID. W. T. NIMMO.

NORFOLK

STEAM BAKERY,

ESTABLISHED 1856.

JAMES REID & m

'AJ

Manufacturers of all kinds of Superior Excelsior

BREAD, CAKES, CRACKERS, &c.

No. 87 Main Street,
NORFOLK, VIRGINIA.

Factory, Holt's Lane and Elizabeth Street.

N. 1>. Parties ordering their goods through their COMISSION
MERCHANTS, will get them at FACTORY PRICES.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 113

HARDWARE.

G3T

<& HE trade in Hardware takes its position amongst the most reliable
and important in the country, and it is peculiarly a staple one. The
various articles of manufacture upon which it is based are of positive
use and enter into the daily necessities of the people.

While New York has always been regarded as the distributing centre
for hardware, especially imported goods, this city enjoys a local traffic of
no small value or importance, and it is a well established fact that prices
here are identical with those of Philadelphia or the former great city.
Norfolk's connections with foreign and coastwise ports by steamships and
sailing vessels of every conceivable character and capacity, have materially
aided in rendering her an important point of entry for all classes of
foreign goods, particularly hardware. Shipments are made from here, to
dealers throughout the South and Southwest, and the number of new
establishments and branches of old ones, is conclusive evidence of the
prosperity and growth of the trade. The firms engaged in the business
do most of their own importing, and the fact exists, without doubt, that
they can and do sell as cheaply as any first- class dealers in the country,
and every merchant in the district around Norfolk will sooner or later
realize that he can do as well here as in any other city. About two
hundred thousand dollars capital is distributed between six wholesale
houses here. They are managed by gentlemen of eminent social and
commercial worth.

TAYLOR, ELLIOTT & WATTERS,

ENGLISH, GERMAN AND AMERICAN

HARDWARE

Cor. Main Street and Market Square,

NORFOLK, VA.

'3

114 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

FLOUR, FEED AND GRAIN.

M HE fact that Norfolk is every day becoming more important as a
^ manufacturing centre, is fully demonstrated by the growth of this
business.

A few years ago one mill satisfied the demand for home consumption,
but at present there are three, supplied with every improved piece of
machinery known in the milling business. The different brands of flour
manufactured are first-class, and wherever introduced maintain their
reputation for excellence.

Prior to the war Norfolk was one of the principal corn markets of the
country, being the shipping point for North Carolina and Eastern Vir-
ginia, and farmers enjoyed great advantages over those of the West in
transportation facilities. During the war the best grain producing lands
in the two States were neglected, and have never been restored to their
former fertility. Norfolk has, however, made some progress toward
regaining her eminence in this trade, and sin annually exports large
quantities of both wheat and corn.

Since 1870, when the corn trade of Norfolk had gotten to about its
lowest ebb, and when only $760 worth was shipped direct to Europe, it
has gradually improved, and from that year until December 31st, 1879,
the exports amounted to $958,382. Since the consolidation of the roads
now constituting the A., M. & O. Road, Western grain has been received
here in quantities showing a gratifying increase every year, and it is
anticipated that these receipts will be still further augmented by the
connection recently made by that road with the Cincinnati Southern.
The short link between Huntington, West Virginia, and Lexington,
Kentucky, being built by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company,
and the proposed extension from Richmond to Norfolk, will give us an
all rail route between Norfolk and the great grain growing region of the
North-west.

The expediency of establishing elevators in this port has been canvassed
somewhat, and although the idea has never been practically applied,
except in a meagre way, it is generally conceded that such an enterprise
would prove profitable to investors, beneficial to the market, and
further induce the products of the vast plains of the West to find at
Norfolk their most accessible spot for shipment on this coast. When the
connections referred to are in good operating condition, necessity will
force the erection of these elevators.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 115

e. m. gooor.oge. GOODRIDGE, FIELD & CO.,
Commission IMZerch^nts,

UTo. 22 Roanoke Dock, Norfolk, Ta.

We make Flour and Grain specialties, but also give personal attention to all
consignments. Having first-class storage facilities, we are prepared to take goods
entrusted to our care at very low rates. Correspondence, as to values in either buying
or selling (especially of Breadstuff's) solicited, to which prompt attention will be given.

Our Flour and Grain Brokerage Department is under special care of one of the
firm. An experience of twelve years in the above specialties, justifies the opinion of
our being able to be of service to any having business in that line in this market.

We respectfully refer to Hon. John B. Whitehead, Prest. Ex. Nat. Bank ; P. A.
Wiley, Esq., Cashier Citizens' Nat Bank, Raleigh, N. C; Col. Walter H. Taylor, Prest,
Marine Bank ; Mess. Seevers & Anderson, Baltimore ; Mess. Rogers & Pendleton, N.Y.

EVANS * BURWELL,

_ DEALERS IN

Fx.oxrxt. GritJh.xnr, «3feo.„

GENERAL AGENTS

" STANDARD FERTILIZER COMPANY,"
No. 24: Roanoke Square,

NORFOLK, VA.

BOOKS AND STATIONERY.

'7jL MONG the many interests that have kept pace with the progressive
CJ\ step of the day, and with the improvements in every branch of
our city's trade, that of Books and Stationery deserves honorable mention.
The increase in numbers of stores and apparent success achieved by
each firm engaged in the business, indicates in a measure, the advanced
literary culture of our people, and their demand for well selected stocks
of School, Law, Medical, Agricultural, Theological, Scientific and
Miscellaneous Books, as well as their appreciation of choice American
and Foreign Literature. For well selected assortments and handsomely
arranged stocks of Books, Stationery and Fancy Articles, usually found
in well kept establishments, Norfolk can claim inferiority to none, and
indeed, she can boast superiority over almost any city of her size in the
country. Her progi'essin this special branch is more remarkable in view
of the fact that since the organization of the Norfolk Library Association,
a large patronage by general readers has been drawn from our stores to
the well filled shelves and comfortable rooms in the Association's build-
ing, corner Bank and Charlotte streets.

116 * NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

C. HALL WINDSOR,

No. 5 Bank Street,

NORFOLK, VA.

FINE STATIONERY!

The finest and most complete assortment in the City.

BL41I BOOKS!

From the smallest Pocket Memorandum to the largest

IUKS!

School and House Sizes ; the Best Makes.

FEUS!

All Styles and Qualities.

BIBLES,

SCHOOL BOOKS,
MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE TO ORDER ONLY,
ARTISTS' MATERIALS,

MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS.
The best quality of goods for

Ladies', Merchants, Bankers or Students,

No. 5 Bank Street.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 117

INSURANCE.

T

JlNSURANCE dates back so remotely that it is impossible to tell by
' whom it was originally instituted. Marine Insurance, however,
became a regular business in 1794 or '95, when the first companies were
organized. In England, during the preceding years, when a merchant
desired to insure a vessel or cargo, it was the custom for the party
soliciting the insurance to post in a conspicuous place the name, character
and destination of the vessel, and capitalists, who desired to take the
risk, would write their names under the advertisement, together with the
amounts they were willing to venture, thus originated the term
" Underwriters. "

The establishment of large corporations, having immense capital, and
a management of recognized ability and judgment, which, through a
series of years declared large dividends, led to the inauguration of many
enterprises of like character ; a few succeeded in securing a permanent
footing while others were short-lived and early bankrupted. So inti-
mately associated with mercantile pursuits of every kind has the business
of Insurance become, that no prudent, cautious merchant will omit the
premium necessary to secure a policy of sufficient amount to insure him
against serious loss by fire, from his annual estimate of expenses. If he
thinks the profits of his business will not afford the payment of
premiums, he has no right to enter into such a business, for unless he
possesses large capital, part of his losses, should any occur, are bound to
fall upon his creditors. Frequently men of fair business ideas upon
general subjects, who control vast enterprises and live in luxury, upon
the profits therefrom, but who do not appreciate the benefits of the
protection offered by our solid Insurance Companies, are, through the
carelessness of an employee or by the incendiary's torch, reduced to
almost absolute poverty, within the twelve hours between sunset and its
rise.

Life Insurance offers incalculable advantages to those, who by reason
of expensive families, large dependences or extravagant tastes, cannot put
aside a portion of their incomes. A small amount paid for premiums
upon such a policy will scarcely be missed, and yet it provides for one's
family, satisfies creditors and leaves one's estate unembarrassed in the event
of death. In placing insurance, these important considerations present
themselves : Is the company a solvent one, and does it cancel its policies
promptly, or after a long course of litigation, and is the agent reliable?

118

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

The various branches of Insurance, whether Fire, Life or Marine,
are well represented in Norfolk, if the highly honorable names and
distinguished social and mercantile positions of some of the agents are
calculated to create such an opinion.

The different companies now doing business in Norfolk, have always
adjusted their losses promptly, and very rarely does it require the inter-
vention of our courts to obtain an equitable settlement between policy
holders and the companies. There is only one strictly local company in
Norfolk, but it is directed by the best business talent in the State, and
has, since its incipiency, met, with most gratifying success, satisfactory to
ts patrons and profitable to its projectors.

JAMES L. COBLEY,
Fire, Life and Marine Insurance Agent,

128 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA.
REPRESENTS

The British America Fire Insurance Co.
The Connecticut Fire Insurance Co.
The Watertown Fire Insurance Co.
The Washington Life Insurance Co.

The Royal Fire Insurance Co.
The Imperial and Northern Fire Insurance Co.
The London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co.
The Westchester Fire Insurance Co.

s^r Assets Represented over Seventy-Five Millions, -"©a

Prompt Attention to Business. Fair Rates. Good Companies.

C. A. RICHARDSON, Solicitor.

Insurance Company

OF NORFOLK, YA.

Gash Capital and Assets, $171,709.69

Wr. II. TAYLOR,
CHARLES REI1).
W. IT. PETERS,
L. HARM ANSON,
E. A. HATTON.

DIRECTORS:

C. B. DIIFFIELD,
W. W. GWATIIMEY.
W. A. S. TAYLOR.
L. R. WATTS,

OR. II. M. STASH,

WM. II. BURROUGHS.
J. T. BORUM,
WM. IT. WHITE*
RICH'D II. BAKER,
GEORGE M'lXTOSII.

W. H. TAYLOR. President.

W. TALBOT WALKE, Secretary.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 119

WALKE & SON,

INSI7KANCE AGENTS,

NORFOLK, VA.

A. M. VAUCHAN & SON,

General Insurance Agents and Brokers,

No. 96 MAIN STREET.

We furnish the best Foreign and Domestic Insurance, Fire, Life, and Marine, at
current rates.

DAVID HUMPHREYS^

Hill Siliii tai Iwwtaie A§wft»

SIXTY-ONE MILLIONS ASSETS REPRESENTED.

Post Office Box, 625. NORFOLK, VA.

REAL ESTATE.

ITH an increase of trade comes the demand for an increase in
facilities for its management, and the real estate interest dependent
largely upon the business prosperity of the city, has not been slow to
respond to the requirements of the day. Old, dilapidated buildings
have been superseded by handsome warehouses, constructed, not only
with a view to their internal fitness for business, but to their durability
and general outward beauty of finish. Many valuable sites now occupied
by handsome iron front and press brick stores have been so greatly
improved that they are almost unrecognizable, except with those who
have witnessed the changes as they gradually occurred.

In the past four years about 500 buildings have been erected at a cost
of over half a million of dollars, and each year the spirit of improvement
takes more tangible shape.

1 20 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

Like everything else real estate in Norfolk suffered in consequence of
the depression and depreciation in values of every character during the
past few years, but now that the revival is at hand it will rise with like
sympathetic velocity and exceed in ready value all estimates heretofore
put upon it.

In residences, the tenement system of building has been adopted and
found popular with tenants and profitable to owners.

The Assessor's books show the assessments since 1877 to have been :

1877 Buildings and Lots - - - $8,576,130.00

1878 " " " - 8,703,895.50

1879 " " - 8,775,416.00

Since this last assessment many thoroughfares have been repaired with
Belgian blocks and rendered more desirable, increasing the market value
of the property situated along them, and, although the assessment for
1880 will probably fall below that of 1879, the reduction will not be
very great.

Along the water fronts, where the receding tide formerly left the river
bed exposed, the most commodious wharves have been built, and the
property in their vicinity doubled in value.

In the county, property has greatly declined in value, some of the
finest truck farms, in the most improved condition, are offered at very
little beyond the cost of their improvements, in ihe way of outbuildings,
enclosures, &c. Norfolk county property is assessed at $3,370,000, in
round numbers. In the absence of a Real Estate Exchange it is a
difficult matter to obtain reliable data as to the transactions in this line,
for any given period, but suffice to say that they are large and frequent,
and the majority of sales have been effected by the different auction
houses in the city, who issue exhaustive circulars upon the subject,
explaining the situation, character and price of the property booked by
them as in the market.

JAS. Y. LEIGH. GEORGE W. GORDAN.

GENERAL

Auctioneers and Real Estate Agents,

112 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK. VA.

Parties desiring to purchase or sell City and County Property, are invited

to examine our lists.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

121

WINES AND LIQUORS.

HIS trade is divided between five well to do wholesale houses, with
between one hundred and one hundred and twenty five thousand
dollars capital. Of course, the amount annually sold, and which is laro-e,
does not enter wholly into the retail business of thecitv, but is shipped to
the different markets contiguous to Norfolk. Besides the receipts at this
port of imported liquors, including French and German wines, and all
classes of fermented liquors, the Bourbon and Corn Whiskies of the
West constitute a large portion of the stock in store. Since the war,
however, grades of Eastern made Rye have largely superseded the excel-
lent Kentucky distilled whiskies, in the public taste, and every year the
preponderence of demand is in favor of the former.

In the adjoining State of North Carolina, where extensive orchards
yield their abundance for conversion into Brandy, many gallons are
distilled every season, and yet the mountain distilleries of Virginia while
keeping up their regular contributions to the home trade, send their
choice " Dews " to satisfy the cultivated tastes of our neighbors.

The wholesale liquor dealers of Norfolk have acquired a reputation
with the trade not easily destroyed, and it serves them well in securing
first-class customers wherever their goods are offered for sale, as well as
to retain customers who have been dealing with them for yeai's.

S. "W. SiELIDlsriEilR,,

Wholesale 3Ui^uor Stoaler

21 ROANOKE SQUARE, NORFOLK, VA.

8Sg°* All orders promptly attended to. Satisfaction guaranteed. ~HM

f

JOHIT VIEiE^^XLLIOJSr,

No. 4 ATLANTIC HOTEL, NORFOLK, VA.

SIC. BU WOODI

DEALER IN

COINfI3II¥IEI*TST «feC.

No. 8 BANK STREET, NORFOLK, VA.

tii IBfefiiffi^ffr]

122 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

ROBERT PORTIERE

Brewed expressly for Export and Family Use, in Kegs and Bottles, in all styles,
convenient for Shipping or Home use.

No. 83 Main Street, Norfolk, Va.

44 and 46 BANK STREET,

IK^E.A.TliSra- &C IB^IjIDWIIN".

Lynnhaven Oysters and Game of all kinds in season. Boarding and lodging at
moderate rates. Also Ladies' Dining Rooms.

JOSEPH KLEPPER'S

AND

BILLIAED ROOMS,
143 and 145 Church Street, (Oppo. Opera House).

Daily Orchestrion Concerts, from 4 to 5 p. m., and 7 to 12 evenings. A
great novelty ! A full Brass Band, with select music. The best place in
the citv to spend a pleasant time. A respected public invited.

JOSEPH KLEPPER.

CLOTHING AND GENT'S FURNISHINGS.

EW cities outside of the great centres can compare with Norfolk in
the elegance of her clothing stores and the select quality of the goods
which are displayed by her dealers.

The spirit of improvement has been caught up by these merchants,
rusty establishments and ill assorted stocks have been superseded by
magnificent buildings and such a fine line of goods as would do credit to
the wealthiest and most prosperous city in the Union. One house took
the initiative in the way of a general improvement and the balance
followed, until our principal thoroughfare will scarcely be recognized by
people who make only periodical visits to the city, and are not here to
witness these improvements as they progress. A great deal of money has
been thus made to contribute to the artistic attractions of the city, and
liner, larger stocks are necessary in order to be in keeping with interior
decorations and increased capacity of these houses.

ITS- PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND. TRADES. 12o

'■' It is understood that in New York and other larger cities, stocks are
larger and capital employed greater than in cities the size of Norfolk, but
it is also understood that these stoeks are not specially adopted to any
particular section or climate and were prepared to supply any market,
while the goods brought here by our jobbers and retailers are designed
especially for this section of country ; those of our jobbers who manu-
facture, their goods receive advance plates, and when the prevailing styles
have been announced they will have been found to have anticipated them
and ready to supply the trade with goods of the most fashionable design.
Their cloths are generally bought direct from the mills, except the
imported goods, which are received through importers.

With an aggregate capital of one hundred and eighty thousand dollars
the immense business is carried on by five clothing houses, who have a
merchant tailoring department, and twenty firnis doing.exclusively the
latter branch of the business. Many of these establishments are conducted
by men who have had practical experience in every department of the
business, are thorough artists in their line and occupy responsible
positions in mercantile circles. As a class they do a good business — a
business that increases yearly.

DEALERS IN

MEN'S YOUTHS' AND BOYS'

Fine, Medium ^ Low-Grade Clothing

AND

GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS, &C.
No. 124 Main Street, Norfolk, Va.

Suits made to order from JESSUP & CO.'S and DEVLIN & CO.'S
Samples. First-class work and satisfaction guaranteed.

A fine assortment of FISK, CLARK & FLAGG'S Kid Gloves and
Neck Wear.

We carry the largest and most select stock of MEN'S FURNISHING
GOODS in the city"

MST Orders by mail receive prompt attention.

124 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

JOS. SALOMONSKY. M. E. MYERS.

Merchant Tailors

WEST END, UNDER ATLANTIC HOTEL,

AGENTS FOE THE CELEBRATED

True Fit Shirt, Patent Pantaloon Drawers,

AND

EUS8IAN BRACES.

HIllttii Is

m

SMOKING JACKETS, ROBES d'CHAMBER,

And all styles of garments for gentlemen, made to order.

fl^~ Naval Trimmings a Specialty. ~^a

MARBLE YARDS.

?ERY striking is the contrast between the highly artistic forms
produced in marble now, and the rude, roughly finished work of a
few years back. In cemeteries, artgalleries or in cities, where magnificent
buildings have superseded the old style of architecture, tall, graceful
columns support the splendid creations of the marble cutters genius.
" God's Acre, " through brown stone and granite of rare hue, has often
been renuered beautiful and inviting to the visitor, who would otherwise
shun localities calculated to engender thoughts sepulchral. Lovers of the
beautiful, admirers of art, and persons of aesthetic taste or culture, seek
these cities of the dead to feast their eyes upon the avenues of splendid
monuments or mausoleums of varied design and surpassing finish. In
the construction of our homes, marble enters largely, and if in the
outward finish that material is not used, it is sure to find room in the
well finished interior, in the way of fnrniture, mantels, fireplaces, or
statuary.

The marble yards of Norfolk contain handsome specimens of work
and every grade of material, from the finest Italian marble to the best
Virginia granite ; the latter being of acknowledged superiority for base
or rough work. Here the best and most skilful workmen find steady
employment at good wages.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 125

BLS WORSSI

13 CHAPEL STREET, next to Cor. MAIN ST..
NORFOLK, YA.

MONUMENTS, HEADSTONES AND CEMETERY ENCLOSURES.

All classes of work executed in the best style and at lowest price.s All
kinds of Stone Work done.

MANTELS FURNISHED AT MANUFACTURERS' PRICES.

Estimates cheerfully given, Designs furnished, and satisfaction guaranteed.

TOBACCO AND CIGARS.

M HE pre-eminent position which Virginia holds as a Tobacco raanu-
^ factoring district, and the world-wide fame which she has acquired
in the growth and subsequent preparation of the weed, is shared, in a
great measure, by Norfolk, from the fact that situated so closely to the
points of production and manufacture, she handles great quantities of it
and every fibre of her "body commerce" experiences the thrill of
commercial activity which is occasioned by the extensive business done
by her merchants in this staple. Nearly all the factories in Virginia
have their agencies here, and thus located, Norfolk commands an
immense portion of the trade, and is destined to become the great
shipping point for foreign markets. The firms here engaged are wealthy
and are composed of our most enterprising business men, who are ever
ready to push trade to its extreme limits. Their stocks are large and
require the investment of nearly four hundred thousand dollars, exclusive
of retailers, who number about 20, and who alone employ between fifty
and sixty thousand dollars.

Recently the manufacture of cigars has. become an industry of no mean
proportions, where a few years ago three factories supplied this section
with goods of local manufacture, it now requires eleven. Many of them
employ women, whose deft fingers are kept going from early morn until
late at night, in order to keep up with increasing orders. With the
exception of imported cigars, the Norfolk factories supply our dealers,
and with the country trade a large and profitable business is done, the
superior quality of these goods having gained for them great popularity.

Annual sales of Tobacco and Cigars in Norfolk reach nearly half a
million of dollars. ..,,;..,:

126 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

No. 37 MARKET SQUARE, (Up Stairs,)
NORFOLK, VA.

The celebrated EXCELSIOR, TRABUKO, and other choice brands of
Cigars manufactured to order, and kept on hand. Address,

L. 11. KILBY, P. O. Box, 487, Norfolk, Va.

DRY GOODS AND NOTIONS.

HE Dry Goods and Notion trade of Norfolk is one of the largest
contributors to its general advancement as a market, and each
season adds to its importance and strength. This department is in the
hands of men who are amongst our most highly esteemed and responsible
citizens, who have been thoroughly educated to their particular calling
and who have met success through the exercise of mature judgment
and a life-long experience in the business. Their stocks embrace all
classes of goods, from the lowest grade of American to the finest English
fabrics, and their warehouses are classed with the handsomest and most
capacious in the city. The interest being a large one, it necessitates the
employment of large capital, aggregating a half million dollars. Capital,
competition and an intelligent understanding of the business have all
conspired to render Norfolk a superior point of supply for Southern
markets, to other and less favored Southern cities. The shrewdest,
closest buyers have tried other markets without advantage over Norfolk,
either in prices or terms. Possessed of ample means, our firms have
never failed to take advantage of a depressed market to fill their stores,
but with a keen appreciation of the benefits accruing from ideas, in pace
with the requirements of the day, avail themselves of every decline, and
in every instance they guarantee to duplicate Northern prices. Taken
as a class, no other branch of business in Norfolk can boast of represen-
tatives, whose sense of justice, or ready adaptability to the wants of trade
are more widely known or appreciated, than this. Their success in the
past, their able management of some of our most gigantic enterprises
attest this fact — they win trade and keep it.

The retail trade here is truly immense and requires a host of salesmen
and saleswomen to manage it.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 127

Corprew & Hunter,

42 and 44 Commerce Street,
NORFOLK, VA.

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC

AND

NOTIONS,

THE LARGEST NOTION DEPARTMENT

IN THE STATE, AND WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF IT.

Our entire stock is strictly adapted to the wants of

SOUTHERN MERCHANTS.

WE GUARANTEE PRICES

To Duplicate those of other Markets.

1 2<S NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

THE VERDICT OF THE PEOPLE IS THAT IT
PAYS TO CALL EARLY AT

YORK CASH STORE,

The acknowledged Headquarters for Genuine Bargains in

BOOTS, SHOES AND CLOTHING,
ter Specialties in Fhie Jewelry and Silver-Plated Ware. *^a

161 and 163 Main Street, Norfolk, Va.

DRUGS, PAINTS AND OILS.

HILE the Drug, Paint and Oil business of Norfolk cannot be
classed with the largest, it is, nevertheless, in the hands of men
who are possessed of broad, comprehensive business ideas, ample means
and a goodly proportion of public enterprise and individual energy.
Some of these firms have been in business activity, half a century, and
after avoiding the many financial troubles which have swept like
devastating cyclones over the country during that time, are to-day
standing; monuments to conservatism and business acumen.

A visit to any of the wholesale establishments of the city will convince
the most skeptical that the business is being vigorously pushed forward
to greater proportions and a wider and more active field of operations.
Its conduct requires an experienced, steady, large and thoroughly compe-
tent force. The stocks, in some respects pleasing to sight, are extensive,
and are kept in large, well-arranged warehouses ; indeed a number of
them will compare with any in the South, and. in point of handsome and
valuable stores they are superior to those of any Southern city, having
even twice the population of Norfolk.

Everything conduces to the opinion that this arm of Norfolk's business
is on a most substantial and profitable basis. This city is a great
shipping point for immense quantities of indigeneous roots and herbs,
possessing chemical properties, and which are gathered in the rural
districts of Eastern Virginia and North Carolina. Including retail
stores, there are thirteen in the city, and their consolidated capital is
reliably estimated at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

The jobbing trade is done principally with Virginia and North
( arolina, the market affording many advantages over those more remote,
prices being identical.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

129

t'W) ^syf'

BTrirrana

W

No. 142 MAIN STREET,
NORFOLK, VA.

OFFERS TO THE TRADE

Chemicals, Paints, Oils, Window-Glass,

PERFUMERY, PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS,

M)i

SPICES, &c,

And a full stock of everything in the Drug Line.

BEJ.aiiEm list

OLD RYE WHISKIES, and fine Domestic Liquors of all kinds.

CHOICE GRADES OF

Gunpowder, Oolong, Japan, English Breakfast

AND

:al TKJkss,

Druggists, Physicians, and Country Merchants, may rely upon the
prompt execution of their orders for Goods in quantity, pertaining to
every branch of the Drug Business. My Stock is as large and complete
as any in the State, and respectfully solicit your orders for goods or for
specified quotations.

JOHN W. BURROW.

130

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

DEALERS IN

fen 1ft1

Ml

mm* A. «Sfe C8. A* ajLVTOS.

AND DEALERS IN PAINTS, OILS AND WINDOW GLASS,

Atlantic Block, 118 Main St., and 1, 2 and 5 Atlantic St., Norfolk, Va.

COAL AND WOOD.

^L N observer cannot fail to be impressed with a favorable opinion of
<7JV our coal and wood trade by a visit to almost any of the innumer-
able wharves on the immense water front of Norfolk.

This coal, brought from the inexhaustible beds of West Virginia,
Pennsylvania or Maryland, in car load or cargo quantities — shipped to
order or brought as ballast — is not only for local use, but supplies the
motive power by which our largest vessels plough the Alantic, Chesapeake
Bay or the numerous rivers that find their way to the Elizabeth. This
is a great shipping port for coal to be delivered at points on rivers
tributary to the Elizabeth River, and the demand is considerably
augmented by vessels from other ports, putting in here to coal up.

From along the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad quantities
of coal are deposited on our water courses to be transported thence by
barges or sailing vessels, and the rich coal regions of Pennsylvania and
Maryland contribute in a similar way to the stocks usually found in the
coal yards of Norfolk.

At all seasons of the year our wood docks also present a very animated
appearance, filled as they are with lighters loaded to their utmost capacity
with wood from Eastern Virginia and Carolina. Around these docks
congregate draymen and sawyers, ready, like the hack driver or hotel

ITS rKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

131

drummer, to grab you upon the slightest intimation from you that you
propose patronizing a dealer in their line.

With few exceptions, a coal yard is also a wood yard, and a great
many of them are fitted up with machinery for cutting and splitting
wood any def ired size. Nearly one hundred thousand dollars is invested
in the coal and wood business, and this amount is kept in active operation
by an active, enterprising set of men, who have contributed largely to
the prosperity and present commercial high standing of the city.

T. J. NOTTINGHAM.

W. A. WRENN.

NOTTINGHAM & WRENN,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, DEALERS IN

ICE, COAI* and WOOD,

Nottingham & Wrenn's Wharf, Atlantic City,
And Nos. 6 & 7 Campbell's Wharf, Norfolk, Va.

■^ /HiH

^\\\\SS\\ V\W\S\VWN*. ^KKJN* W?wWvW- ^$K$^ 'W^TO^

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

COAL,

BOSTON WHARF, NORFOLK, VA.

We make a specialty of STEAMBOAT COAL, and control superior
facilities for supplying it in quality and quantity.

McBLAIR & CO..

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in all kinds of

t* Stave* ttheitawft* Pmih

Sin

AND

w

BLACKSMITH COAL,

Office and Yard, Myers' Wharf, (next to County Ferry), Portsmouth, Va,

Orders by mail for any quantity filled promptly. Coal delivered to any
part of Norfolk or Portsmouth at lowest rates.
Office connected by Telephone.

132 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

A. A. McOULLOUaH,

Manufacturer | Dealer in Lumber and Timber,

ALSO A LARGE STOCK OF COAL OF ALL KINDS,
Water Street, Norfolk, Va.

CHINA AND GLASSWARE.

,F all the articles for ornamentation or practical use, that admit of
general use, either in social or business life, none figure more
conspicuously than those coming under the very comprehensive heading
of Crockery and Glassware; in fact its uses are so varied and its destruc-
tion so easy and frequent, that its plentifulness and cheapness are matters
of no little importance to both dealer and consumer. Although the
manufacture of crockery or glassware is unknown in Norfolk, she claims
superior facilities, both in her proximity to mammoth establishments of
this character, and transportation over most inland towns, in handling
foreign and American goods. With daily lines of steamers and innu-
merable sailing vessels plying between this and Northern ports, vessels
of huge dimensions crossing and recrossing the broad Atlantic, making
this city, Havre and Liverpool their terminal points, dealers here enjoy
the advantages of exceedingly low rates for transportation, and are enabled
to import their own goods direct, thus saving for themselves and their
customers the profits usually made by " middle men. "

Most of the English and French manufacturers have salaried agents,
who travel through this country, and from their samples our wholesale
dealers, whom they solicit only, can make purchases as well as they
could by a personal visit to the factories. The Crockery and Glassware
jobbers of Norfolk are liberal, enterprising and progressive men, who
are fully up to the times in their business views. Their stocks are
always selected with judgment and a thorough appreciation of values, so
that their patrons may rest assured that they will be liberally dealt with,
given the best terms to be had anywhere upon the same grade of goods,
and in every respect receive the advantages of a good market. If the
future development of our city will be as rapid as it has been in the last
few years, we may expect to see the present capital of seventy-five
thousand dollars, now used in this business, augmented by the establish-
ment of factories for the production of these wares.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 133

TRUCK RAISING OR MARKET GARDENING
AROUND NORFOLK.

HIS branch of industry, which requires as much and as intelligent
application on the part of those engaged in it, as any other trade
or science, had a feeble beginning around Norfolk in the year 1842, and
it lingered on in its infancy, growing in extent and favor, until about
1865, when it commenced to assume such gigantic proportions as to
astonish our people of old school ideas and attract attention from abroad.
It now forms one of Norfolk's most substantial and prosperous commer-
cial interests, stepping vigorously from small proportions to represent
to-day in annual products estimated reliably to be worth over two
millions of dollars, a careful study of its bearing upon every department
of trade should not be without interest. The greater part of the annual
receipts from trucking is distributed through the various avenues of
commerce, having a common centre here, and while Norfolk, as a city, is
destined to become great as a Business Centre, she is to-day the Greatest
Trucking Centre in the world. New Jersey sent the first systematic
truckers to this section in 1842, in the persons of two gentlemen, named
respectively, Bates and Hatch, who realized as much as from .$40 to $50
per barrel for cucumbers, and $15 to $20 per barrel for peas, at their
first shipment. Other persons followed from New Jersey, and doubtless
found in gardening around Norfolk an undeveloped mine of great wealth.

From a communication addressed to us by Col. G. F. B. Leighton,
President cf the Pomological Society of Norfolk, upon this subject, much
of the data for this article has been obtained. His admirable letter to
the Norfolk Virginian, and published in the issue of that journal, Aug.
oth, 1879, elicited considerable comment from the press throughout the
country.

Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, &c, which were in 1842 grown in limited
quantities, soon became staple products, but not until after 1857, did
more than about half dozen and in 1868 eleven varieties of vegetables
leave here for Northern markets, now the list reaches about thirty-eight.

In those days three steamers, of small capacity, made weekly trips to
New York, 2,000 barrels being their largest freight load, while the iron
propellers of to-day comfortably stow away ten or twelve times as many,
and yet leave enough upon the wharves to load four or five more vessels of

134 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE ;

the same class. In 1868, 50,000 barrels of Irish potatoes were shipped from
here, and 280,000 in 1878. Cabbages sold in New York —26,000 having
been sent from here in 1868 — at 25 cents per head, and the shipments in
1878 amounted to 175,000 barrels. Strawberries were raised in a small
way in 1842, but the best and most profitable variety was not introduced
until 1857, and they sold at that time for $1 and $1.25 per quart. The
number of acres of ground yearly set aside for the cultivation of this
delicious fruit can be counted by the hundreds, and in 1878, three
million two hundred thousand quarts found their way into other
markets from our truck farms. During the picking season our colored
citizens flock to the agricultural districts and constitute a formidable
army. One grower cultivates 150 acres in berries, and on one occasion
employed in one day 1,500 pickers. Cultivation under glass did not
meet with much favor here, and in 1845 there were only about 200
sashes in the whole county. Now, since it is more fully understood and
its importance demonstrated, one individual has from four to five
hundred sashes.

Some idea of the rise in real estate, in consequence of the rapid advance
in trucking, may be gained from the fact that a farm, which sold in 1842
for $4,000, a short while afterwards brought $6,000, and in 1855.
$18,500, having appreciated in value in a few years 50 per cent., and in
13 years 308J per cent. Two years after the first sale of this property
there were only two truck farms in Tidewater and they were on what is
known as the Western Branch, while now, not only is the whole of
Norfolk county devoted to trucking, but all the contiguous counties for
miles around. Pomology as well as Horticulture has advanced to the
dignity of a profession around here, and six, out of the twenty silver
medals, awarded by the American Pomological Society of the United
States and Canada were distributed in Princess Anne, Warwick and
Xorfolk counties.

The oft expressed opinion that " there is too much truck raised " is
refuted in the fact that each succeeding year there has been an annual
increase of at least ten per cent, over the preceding one, and the stability
of the industry is evidenced by the truth that Northern markets will
take eight times the quantity of our products without experiencing the
glut that would" have occurred seven years ago. Another proof of the
adaptability of this section as the great vegetable supplying centre on the
Atlantic coast for Northern markets is the constantly increasing tonnage
required to move our products. A steamer with capacity so large as to
run unfilled to these markets during the early trucking days, would now
be a mere skiff in comparison with vessels of the present time.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 135

It is a mistake to suppose that this business rolls in sudden and incal-
culable wealth any faster than any other, but all maintain that the
margin for profits is good and that by practicing industry and frugality,
with rather a goodly stock of experience, one can earn a comfortable
competency.

In comparison of the inducements offered by this and Western sections
of the country, incomparable, advantages are possessed by Norfolk.
There lands must be cleared, roads, school houses and churches built —
here all these things have been done leaving only the work of improve-
ment adapted to present tastes. A greater part of what is raised there
must be consumed by transportation charges, often running as high as
seven-eights of the value of the article, when here one-quarter will cover
this expense, except when the market is unusually depressed. With
crushed oyster shells we have finely macadamized roads, and hauling is
rendered easy and inexpensive. If farm improvements are indicative of
thrift, we have it fully exemplified in a ride in any direction from the
cities of Norfolk or Portsmouth.

What we need now is a subdivision of the lands under cultivation and
a higher grade of cultivation given, which calls for more working people
and more capital. Nature points to Norfolk as the balancing pivot of
Northern and Southern products, and it is safe to assert that she will
step onward and upward under the influence of a substantial, steady
spirit of business progression.

WHOLESALE DEALERS IX

Fish, Oysters, Game, and all kinds of Country Produce,

Nos. 4 and 5 Campbell's Wharf, Norfolk, Ta.

THE BACHRACH PHOTO-ENGRAVING CO.

[Levy it Bachrach's Process, Patented January 20, 1875.]

Cor. Eutaw and Lexington Streets, Baltimore,

Are prepared to execute and furnish estimates for all kinds of Engraving and Fine-
Photographic Work. It is one of the largest and best fitted Photographic Establish-
ments in the city, and the work is strictly first-class.

We make a specialty by our process of re-producing Cuts and Engravings from
printed works at a cost of from twenty to thirty cts per square inch, an imposibility
until Photo-Engraving was invented. Prices and particulars sent on application.
S&" Some of the Illustrations in this Book were executed by us. =^S

Our Cuts are delivered in hard type metal, ready for the press.

Parties sending us old pictures to be copied and enlarged in any style possible by
Photography, can be assured of their safety, and that they will not be cheated by
travelling canvassers with no responsibility.

13<>

NOB FOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

THAYER'S

LIVERY, SALE AND EXCHANGE

i A A ifcifi ipili

® ft «Jp jyp$II^

ATLANTIC STREET

MMaut WwBswm9 Bmwm*

HORSES, BUGGIES, CARRIAGES,

AND

WA-GON©,

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, FOR HIRE.

Private Parties, Weddings And Funerals furnished at short notice.
Horses boarded by Day, Week, or Month, on reasonable terms.

Carriages furnished at any hour of day or night. A call solicited.

BAGGAGE WAGON,

For delivering Trunks, &c, to and from Depots or Steamboats furnished
upon application.

TELEPHONE CONNECTION.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

13;

f^jf^l^ Sill1 ; '

INDEPENDENT IN POLITICS

'<i3k\4

THE LARGEST PAPER PUBLISHED IN THIS SECTION!

Is Delivered by Carriers to all parts of Norfolk, Portsmonth, Berkley,

Atlantic City and Brambleton.

Circulates extensively through Eastern North Carolina and Virginia.

PRICE, POSTAGE PAID, ONE YEAR, $2.00; SIX MONTHS, $1.00

PUBLISHED AT PORTSMOUTH, VA.,

By the Times Publishing Company.

^

Has a very large and daily increasing circulation, extending through Virginia.
North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia,
i The Granger is under the management of the Executive Committee of the
State Grange, and is edited by Dr. J. M. Blauton, Grand Master of Virginia.

THE DAILY TIMES.

PUBLISHED EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR,

By the Times Publishing Co., Portsmouth, Va.

AND HAS A LARGER DAILY CIRCULATION IN PORTSMOUTH AND NORFOLK COUNTY
THAN ANY OTHER DAILY PAPER.

WM. H. STEWART, Editor. MRS. FANNY DOWNING, Associate.

THE TIDEWATER TIMES.

PUBLISHED BY

The Times Publishing Co., Every MONDAY Morning,

AT POXtTSSKOOTB. VMk.

The Tidwater Times is a handsome 28-column weekly, and is a fine advertising
medium for Virginia and Eastern North Carolina.

WM. H. STEWART, Editor.

Mrs. FANNY DOWNING, Associate.

138

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF ORIGINAL
LITERATURE.

THE SOUTH ATLANTIC is now entering on its 5th volume. It has been a
rinancial success. Among its contributors are Mr. J. H. Ingram, of London ; Paul H.
Hayne, Mrs. Margaret J. Preston, John Esten Cooke, Edgar Fawcett, Hons. George
Davis, Thos. L. Clingman, and others. Paul H. Hayne, Esq., is a regular editorial
contributor. The Magazine contains 96 pp. fairly proportioned between fiction, criti-
cism, history, poetry, descriptive sketches and popular science.

SUBSCRIPTION, ONE YEAR, $3; SINGLE COPY, 30 Cts.

ADVERTISING TERMS:

1 page, one year §120 1 page, one insertion $25

I " ' 75 I- " " 15

i " " 50 1 " " 10

\ " " 36 i " " 5

J^^gf*' Advertisements on cover pages are charged 50 per cent, additional, "^fi
Persons who order specimen copies must enclose 30 cents. Address,

MBS. CICERO W. HARRIS,

WILMINGTON, N. C.

v-.v^Tv, *wwmw

rail

THE CHEAPEST PAPER IN THE SOUTH.

Published every Afternoon, by J. Richard Lewellen & Co.:
NORFOLK, VA.

Independent on all subjects and is specially devoted to the local interests
ni' Portsmouth and Norfolk, and to the boundless resources of Virginia.

As a local advertising medium it has no equal in this section, as it i*
read by all classes of people.

It gives telegraphic news from our State and National Capitols, with a
resume of all the general miscellany so important to the interests of
readable newspapers.

CASH TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:

By Mail, postage paid, per annum. ..... $3.50

City Subscribers, per annum, -.'--- - - 3.00

Single Copies, - - - - - - - ONE CENT.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

im

Nos. 77 and 79 Main Street.

THE DAILY LANDMAEK

Is uncompiomisingly Conservative, and is devoted to Commercial and General News. No expense is
spared in securing the latest news from all sections of the country, and it has a corps of able and
talented correspondents. The selections are carefully chosen, and will be found amusing, bright
and instructive.

The Editorial Department under the management of Capt. JAMES BARRON HOPE, will always be
well worth perusal, and needs no commendation.

AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM it presents unequalled inducements to the advertising public.

THE COMMERCIAL REPORTS are prepared with the greatest care, the offices of a number of the
principal merchants being visited daily — both buyers and sellers — and from them the reports are made
with accuracy ; and to farmers, merchants, mechanics and all others will be found invaluable.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:

Daily (every day except Monday,) One Year - - - - - .- §5 00

Six months s . . . . 3 00

Three months -.---. I 50

Less periods 50 cents per month.

Faithfully delivered in Norfolk Portsmonth, Berkley and surrounding villages at 10 cents per week.
Parties sending clubs of four, cash in advance, will receive a copy, one year, gratis.

THE WEEKLY LANDMAEK,

Mailed every Thursday morning, containing the choisest selections, and a summary of the news of
the week ; also the latest and most carefully revised Market Reports, made from actual transactions, an((
published in full.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION :

One Copy, one year - - - $100

One Copy, six months - 75

Parties furnishing a club of ten, cash in advance, will be mailed a copy for one year free of charge.

THE JOB DEPARTMENT

Having seven splendid Presses, some of which are entirely new, as well as the largest and best assort-
ment of Job Type of any office in the State, is prepared to execute, in the very. best style, all kinds of
BOOK AND JOB PRINTING, such as Visiting Cards, Business Cards, Professional Cards Show Cards,
Letter-Heads, Bill Heads, Account Sales, Statements, Bank Notices, Checks, Drafts, Notes, Circulars.
Drug Labels, Pamphlets, Arguments, Dray Receipts, Bills Lading, Manifests, and in fact, every descrip-
tion of Railroad, Steamboat and Mercantile Printing, at prices that defy competion.

BLANK DEEDS printed from forms furnished by an experienced Lawyer, can be had at once, by
those in want, as we have a large stock always oa hand.

ALL THE POPULAR STYLES OF TYPE are added to our already large assortment as fast as intro-
duced to the public by the founders, which enables us to keep abreast of the times and execute work in
a style that cannot be surpassed anywhere in the State.

4fcg=Orders from our friends in the country promptly filled and delivered by express or mail.
Address,

JAMES BARRON HOPE & CO.,

NORFOLK, VA.

1^0 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

THE ID-A-IX/ST

Corner Main and Commerce Streets,

NORFOLK, VA.

Subscription, - - - $5 per annum.

THE DAILY VIRGINIAN is an unrivalled medium through which
the public of Eastern and Tidewater Virginia and North Carolina may be
reached.

Its success has been without a parallel in the history of the Press of Virginia.

Its circulation exceeds that of any other paper publiseed in Eastern
Virginia. Its city circulation is greater than that of any other.

Proof — Bills of Paper, Postage, Receipts and Books of Subscription.

The Dollar Weekly Virginian.

THE CHEAPEST AND

BEST NEWSPAPER IN THE SOUTH.

Its Summary of the News of each week by Telegraph and Mail will
be complete.

Its Market Reports are accurate and compiled with great care.

Its Agricultural Department will make it of great interest to the
Farmer and Planter.

Its Family Reading Matter will render it most acceptable and
interesting to all.

Its Political Opinions will be uttered without reserve, and oppression
from any quarter will be fearlessly resisted on all occasions.

TO ADVERTISERS:

We call the especial attention of advertisers to the inducements held out fco
them through the medium of the WEEKLY VIRGINIAN. Its circula-
tion is very extensive through Eastern and South-western Virginia, and all
through Eastern and Central North Carolina, and is IN excess of the

COMBINED CIRCULATION OF ALL OTHERS IN THIS CITY.

M. QLENNAN, Proprietor.

ITS PKINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

141

VIRGINIAN PRINTING HOUSE!

BOOK ID JO

We are prepared to execute with promptness all kinds of

If WW1PTB IPWIP^I^I IPl^WWffiPTr

From a Business Card to a Mammoth Poster.

FINE AND COLOR PRINTING A SPECIALTY.

BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS OF ANY STYLE

PRINTED NEATLY, IN ANT STILE LETTER, AT PRICES TO COMPETE WITH

NORTHERN PUBLISHING HOUSES.

Hi

11

THE

AND

VLRG-INIAN BUILDING-,
Gor. Main and Commerce Streets.

RULING AND BINDING.

Those in need of work in this line will do well to obtain figures from THE
VIRGINIAN BOOK BINDERY before giving orders elsewhere.

PAPER of any size ruled to any desired pattern.

BLANK BOOKS, &c, made to order.

Jg@~The Binding of MUSIC a specialty.

fi@~OLD BOOKS re-bound in the best possible manner and at reasonable
rates.

GILDING promptly and neatly executed.

M. G-LENNAN", Proprietor.

142

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

THE

tUfeU
<rajw

IN THE

ARCADE BUILDING-, PORTSMOUTH, VA.
By JOHN W. H. PORTER.

THE ENTERPRISE has a large daily circulation in Portsmouth and vicinity. Its
circulation has increased during the past year, notwithstanding the dull times, thereby
proving that it has the good opinion of our community. It is a safe and reliable
Advertising Medium, through which our merchants and business men and others may
communicate with the public. It will contain the latest news, both foreign and do-
mestic, by telegraph and otherwise, condensed so as to give the most news in the least
possible space. Its Market Reports are corrected daily.

JOB WORK. — We are prepared to supply merchants and business men with Bill
Heads, Letter Heads, business Cards and other Job work at reasonable prices.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES :

DAILY ENTERPRISE, one year
" " six months

$5 00
3 00

Contracts for advertisements may be made upon favorable terms in the office of the
Enterprise. The Enterprise is the official organ of the city of Portsmouth.

Kngraoers, Pesianers,

ano

draughtsmen.

$ook illustrations

ano Ornamental Pesians

a specialty.

706 A.rch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

WM. H. WHITE

THEO. S. GARNETT, Jr.

Late Judge, &c.

WHITE & GAENETT,

J

FI If

rflfilll M

ROOMS, 114 MAIN STREET, NORFOLK, VA.

Practice in the State and Federal Courts in the Eastern District of Va.

REFERENCES :
Exchange National Bank, Norfolk, Va. Burruss, Son & Co., Norfolk, Va.

Marine Bank, Norfolk, Va. H. B. Clafflin, New York.

T. R. BORLAND. D- TUCKER BROOKE.

BOR/LAISTD <5c IBIROOIKilE,
Corner of Main and Bank Streets, Norfolk, Va.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 143

WATER LINES.

II N connection with the railway lines of Norfolk, reviewed elsewhere,
r our harbor is at all times occupied by a fleet of merchant vessels
that equal those of any port in the United States. In 1830, only four
steamers ran regularly between Norfolk, Richmond and Baltimore.
These were the Richmond, Hampton, Pocahontas and Columbus, their
hulls having been built in Norfolk and their engines imported from
England. In 1834, the steamers Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson
ran on the James River line, and the Old Dominion on the Hampton
route — the last named were built at Norfolk.

In 1826, Messrs. George Rowland, William Rowland and Richard
Churchward, built the steam brig New York, to run between New York
and Norfolk, and this was about the first attempt at coast steam naviga-
tion made by the citizens of Norfolk. Later a regular line was
established between this city and Charleston, South Carolina. Thus it
will be seen that Norfolk was among the pioneers in the adoption of
steam navigation, and from that time until the present, she has steadily
improved, until, as we have befure remarked, her fleet of merchant
vessels are of the very finest character. Prior to the war of 1812, the
shipping in our harbor is said to have almost created a bridge between
this city and Portsmouth, which has been superseded by the use of steam.

Depth of water and other advantages referred to by Commodore
Maury, on pages 16 and 18, together with splendid wharf accommodations,
enable the largest vessels to load at any of the spacious wharves that line
our city's water front.

Mention is made below of the principal steam lines centering here, but
the list does not include the many minor ones that navigate the small
rivers tributary to this port. A complete review of them all would
require more time and space than can possibly be devoted to this work.
The railroad map in another part of this book shows very plainly the
magnificent and wealthy back country for which Norfolk is destined to
become the great shipping centre.

THE OLD DOMINION STEAMSHIP COMPANY.

This is one of the wealthiest and most successful transportation
companies on the Atlantic coast. Years ago, when the company was first
organized they owned but one steamer; to-day their vessels are the

144 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

magnificent "floating cities" that are the pride and boast of our harbor.
The New York office of the company is at 197 Greenwich street, and in
Norfolk the steamers land alongside of the Company's magnificent
wharves on Water street. Thomas H. Webb, Esq., one of Norfolk's
most thoroughly informed steamboat men is the agent here, and Com-
modore N. L. McCready, of New York, President of the Company.
The following vessels belong to the company :

The Old Dominion, iron side-wheel steamship, for freight and passen-
gers, 2,222 tons, Walker, master. She has 50 staterooms and can
accommodate 200 passengers.

The Wyanoke, iron side-wheel steamship, for freight and passengers,
2,068 tons, Couch, master, has staterooms and accommodations the
same as the Old Dominion.

The Isaac Bell, wooden side-wheel steamship, freight and passengers,
1,612 tons, Gibbs, master, has 35 staterooms and capacity for 150
passengers.

The Kichmond, iron propeller, 1,436 tons, Stevens master, can
accommodate 135 passengers and has 30 staterooms.

The new steamship, which has been recently added to the line, and
which attracted so much attention upon her trial trip, is named the
Manhattan. She is a handsome iron propeller for freight and passengers,
1,600 tons burthen, Kelley, master. Seventy passengers can find
excellent quarters on this vessel.

The Hatteras is a wooden side-wheel steamship, for freight, 868 tons.
Mallett, master.

The Albemarle is also a wooden side-wheel steamship, for freight, 891
tons, Hulphers, master.

All of the above named vessels ply regularly between New York,
Norfolk, City Point and Richmond.

The regularity with which the vessels of the Old Dominion Line
arrive is unrivalled by the ships of any other line covering an equal
distance on the ocean. The distance between New York and Norfolk is
285 nautical miles, average time of trip 25 hours. The accommodations
on board these steamers compare favorably in every particular with those
of any European steamships. Their cabins and staterooms are spacious,
elegantly furnished, well ventilated and equipped with all modern
conveniences ; the cinsine is equal to that of a first-class hotel, and
veteran, gentlemanlv officers contribute all that can be desired to make
the sea trip agreeable and safe.

The skillful management of the Old Dominion line, in connection with
the Atlantic Coast Line, Virginia and Tennessee Air Line, Atlantic

ITS PETNCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 145

Mississippi & Ohio, Seaboard & Roanoke and Chesapeake & Ohio
Railways, presents important facilities to the traveling public as well as
to shippers. Besides the vessels enumerated above, the Old Dominion
Steamship Company owns a number of very fine passenger and freight
steamers running up the different waters tributary to the harbor of
Norfolk. These minor lines are heavy feeders to the parent one, and
are as follows :

Steamer N. P. Banks, wooden side- wheel steamer, 338 tons, McCarrick,
master, runs daily between Norfolk and Old Point, and tri-weekly
between Norfolk, Cherrystone, Mathews, Yorktown and Gloucester
Point, in Virginia.

The Accomack, 434 tons, Schermerhorn, master, runs daily between
Norfolk, Old Point and Hampton, and four times a week to Smithfield,
Virginia.

The Newberne, iron propeller, of 400 tons, Southgate, master ; runs
between Norfolk, Newberne and Washington, North Carolina, via
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal.

The last one is the Pamlico, a wooden propeller, 252 tons, Pritchett,
master, runs on the same route as the Newberne.

THE MERCHANTS' AND MINERS' TRANSPORTATION

COMPANY.

This old and staunch company owns a fleet of vessels of the most
superb character. Their regular routes lie between Norfolk, West
Point, Va., Baltimore, Savannah, Georgia, Boston and Providence.
General V. D. Groner is the agent and T. B. Jackson, Esq., assistant.
The wharf and offices of the company are at the Western extremity of
Main street. The boats of this line are :

The William Crane, iron propeller, 1,416 tons burthen, F. M. Howes,
commander.

The George Appold, wooden propeller, 1,456 tons burthen, W.
Lei and, Commander.

The McClellan, a wooden side-wheel steamer, 954 tons burthen, com-
manded by G. W. Billups.

William Kennedy, a wooden propeller, 974 tons burthen, H. D.
Foster, commander.

The Blackstone, wooden propeller, 1,147 tons burthen, Capt. Jno. C.
Taylor, commander.

The William Lawrence, an iron propeller, 1,049 tons burthen, com-
manded by Jno. S. March, Jr.

The largest vessel of the line and the finest belonging to this port, is

146 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

the Decatur H. Miller, a new iron propeller, of 2,296 tons burthen, and
passenger capacity for 117. The appointments of this vessel are superb
in every respect and she may consistently be styled " a floating palace. "

The Saragossa is a wooden freight propeller of 788 tons burthen.

The Johns Hopkins is an iron propeller, 1,470 tons burthen, Wm. A.
Hallett, commander.

The average time made by these vessels between Norfolk and Provi-
dence is 36 hours, and between Norfolk and Boston, 48 hours.

By reference to the transportation map the many inland connections
of this line can be seen — they extend over the entire South and South-
west. Through bills of lading are issued by this company over the
" Cunard, " " Warren " and " Ley land " lines via Boston to Liverpool.

BALTIMORE STEAM PACKET COMPANY.

The passenger steamers of this company are indeed the "Sound
steamers " of Chesapeake Bay ; their appointments are of the most
sumptuous character and their cuisine is in every respect equal to that of
a first-class city hotel. These steamers are new, and were constructed
with special reference to speed and comfort. With travelers, this line is
considered one of the finest trunk lines in the country, and in the Spring
and Fall seasons it forms the most popular route between Florida and
the North. Coming South, close connection is made at Norfolk with
the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad for the South and South-west, and
going North, at Baltimore with the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Balti-
more Railroad, for Philadelphia, New York, and points North and
North-west. The freight steamers also constitute the water portion of
what is known as the Canton Inside Line.

This company is in every sense an enterprising one, and no expense
has been spared by its officers to render their line one of despatch and
safety. Capt. John M. Robinson is the President, at Baltimore, R. B.
Cooke, Esq., local agent at Norfolk. The company's passenger and
freight steamers are as follows :

Carolina, iron side-wheel passenger steamer, 984 tons burthen, Dawes,
master; built in 1877, staterooms, 75, passenger capacity, 500.

Florida, wooden side- wheel passenger steamer, 1,280 tons burthen,
Whittle, master; built in 1876, staterooms, 75, passenger capacity, 500.

Virginia, iron side- wheel passenger steamer, 1,300 tons, Hill, master ;
built 1879, staterooms, 80, passenger capacity, 500.

Seaboard, iron freight propeller, 662 tons, Cralle, master.

Roanoke, iron freight propeller, 531 tons, Fisher, master.

Transit, wooden propeller, 475 tons, North, master.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 147

THE CANTON INSIDE LINE.

This is a daily fast freight line, operated by the Philadelphia, Wil-
mington and Baltimore Railroad, in connection with the steamers of
the Baltimore Steam Packet Company, between Norfolk, Baltimore,
Philadelphia and points North, having the same connection here as the
Baltimore Steam Packet Company.

CLYDE LINES. '

Messrs. W. P. Clyde & Company, 12 South street wharves
Philadelphia, are the owners of the various lines running out of the
harbor of Norfolk and known as the Clyde Lines. Captain James W.
McCarrick, whose office is at the Company's wharves, Water street, is
the general Southern agent. The following vessels comprise Clyde's
local fleet :

The Everman, iron propeller, 696 tons burthen, Carr, master ; from
Norfolk to Philadelphia.

The Norfolk, wooden propeller, 500 tons burthen, Tunnell, master;
Norfolk and Philadelphia.

The Defiance, wooden propeller, 400 tons, Jones, master ; Norfolk,
Baltimore, Newberne and Washington, North Carolina.

The Stout, wooden propeller, 400 tons, Pierce, master; Norfolki
Newberne and Baltimore.

The Tuckahoe, wooden propeller, 200 tons, Brown, master ; Norfolk,
Newberne and Baltimore.

The John S. Ide, iron propeller, 200 tons, Cannon, master; Norfolk
and Washington, North Carolina.

The Pioneer, wooden propeller, 1,100 tons, Piatt, master ; Philadel-
phia, Richmond and Norfolk.

During the trucking season these steamers are taxed to their full
carrying capacity. Messrs. Clyde & Company have at all times heartily
co-operated with Capt. McCarrick, their agent here, in affording our
truckers and shippers every facility in the way of rapid transit between
this and other markets.

Many of the minor transportation lines through the . State are
controlled by the Messrs. Clyde, and to them a great deal is due for their
enterprise in developing Norfolk's trade with interior points. From
Philadelphia and several Southern seaport cities they have vessels
engaged in trade with foreign countries.

148 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

THE INLAND AND SEABOARD COASTING COMPANY.

The iron side-wheel steamer " Lady of the Lake, " Capt. T. B.
Travers, leaves the Boston wharf tri-weekly for Georgetown, Alexandria
and Washington, D. C. This vessel is of 700 tons burthen and can com-
fortably accommodate 240 passengers. The route is a popular and pros-
perous one and the passenger traffic in Summer is very large.

THE FARMERS' AND MERCHANTS' STEAM
TRANSPORTATION COMPANY.

The propeller "Keystone," 112 tons burthen, makes weekly
trips from Taylor's wharf, Norfolk, to all points on the Chowan and
Maherrin Rivers, via Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, Captain Henry
Roberts, agent, Taylor's wharf.

THE DISMAL SWAMP STEAM TRANSPORTATION
COMPANY

Owns the propeller " Helen Smith, " 50 tons burthen, running
tri-weekly through the Dismal Swamp Canal to Elizabeth City, North
Carolina, Captain Henry Roberts, agent, Taylor's wharf.

THE ALBEMARLE AND SCUPPERNONG STEAM
TRANSPORTATION COMPANY.

The steamer " Mary E. Roberts " is the property of this company.
She is a propeller of 120 tons burthen, and has stateroom acommodations
for twenty passengers. Her regular route lies between Hertford,
Columbia and Spruill's Bridge, North Carolina, and Norfolk. A great
deal of freight is transported by this company. Agency and wharf the
same as the Keystone.

BALTIMORE AND ROANOKE STEAMBOAT COMPANY.

The steamers of this line are the "Louise," 270 tons burthen, and
the " Commerce," 212 tons burthen ; both have stateroom accommoda-
tions for 20 passengers. They run semi-weekly between Baltimore,
Norfolk and Roanoke River. Agency and wharf sama as the Keystone.

VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY.

The cozey little iron side-wheel steamer " Ariel, " 700 tons burthen,
which leaves Norfolk tri-weekly for Richmond and all intermediate
landings on James river, belongs to this company.

This line connects Norfolk with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad for

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 149

Cincinnati and all points West and North-west, besides constituting one
of the most interesting and pleasant routes for tourists or health seekers.
From the saloon every historical point along the banks of the James can
easily be discerned ; and in season, the line forms an important link
between this city and the Virginia Springs. Excursion parties have
found the James River Line a most delightful one, and in summer, almost
every trip the steamer makes she is attended by an organized party of

excursionists.

Captain James W. McCarrick, agent, at Clyde's wharf, Norfolk, and
L. B. Tarum, Esq., the superintendant at Richmond, will give any
desired information concerning the company.

NORTH CAROLINA STEAM LINES.

The following steamers leave the company's wharf, foot of Commerce
street, W. Y. Johnson, agent :

Steamer Harbinger, M. E. Gregg, captain, every Monday and
Thursday at 6 A. m., for Hertford and Belvidere, North Carolina.

Steamer Enterprise, C. R. Jones, captain, every Monday, Wednesday
and Friday at 6 A. M., for Elizabeth City and intermediate points, via the
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal.

Steamer Currituck, J. J. Jones, captain, every Thursday evening for
all ooints on the Cashie River.

HORTH CAROIiiinril.

Steam Transportation Company,

Office, TAYLOR'S WHARF.

Steamer HELEN SMITH

Leaves for ELIZABETH CITY and landings on the Dismal Swamp Canal every
Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 6 A.M.

Steamer MARY E. ROBERTS

Leaves for HERTFORD, HOSLER'S WHARF, COLUMBIA, SIMMONS' LAND-
ING and SPRUILL'S BRIDGE, every Thursday at 2 P.M.

Steamer KEYSTONE

Leaves for MURFREESBORO, FRANKLIN and all intermediate landings on the
Chowan River every Wednesday at 6 A.M.

Stmrs. LOUISA and COMMERCE

LTMORE, EDENTON and landings on Roanoke Er
ir all points received daily until sundown. Lowest

HENRY ROBERTS, AGENT.

Leaves for BALTIMORE, EDENTON and landings on Roanoke River, semi-weekly.
JgQP^Freight for all points received daily until sundown. Lowest rates guaranteed.

1 50

NOEFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

I) MHO

D

LXRES,

STEiLIVCSIIIFS

OLD DOMINION,
WYANOKE,

ISAAC BELL,
MANHATTAN,

RICHMOND,

ALBEMARLE..

HATTERAS,

FOB 3STE"V7" YORK.

One of the magnificent Passenger Steamships of the Line leaves Norfolk
for New York, regularly every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday.

Leave New York for Norfolk, every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday,

at 3 o'clock, P.M.

RATES LOW. PASSENGER ACCOMMODATIONS UNSURPASSED. FREIGHT,
CAPACITY AND FACILITIES UNEQUALLED.

FOR CHERRYSTONE, MATHEWS, GLOUCESTER AND YORKTOWN.

Steamer N. P. BANKS, Captain P. McCarrick, leaves Norfolk at 6 A.M. every Monday, Wednesday
and Friday for CHERRYSTONE, and everv Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday for MATHEWS,
GLOUCESTER and YORKTOWN, calling each way daily at Old Point going and returning. Freight
received daily until 6 P. M, That for Mathews, Glouceste'r and Yorktown must be prepaid.

FOR OLD POINT, HAMPTON AND SMITHFIELD.

The Steamer ACCOMACK, Captain Schermerhorn. until further notice will leave Norfolk daily

(except Sundays) for OLD POINT, HAMPTON, and SMITHFIELD

Returning, leaves Smithfield daily (Except Sundays) at 6 A.M. and Hampton daily (Sundays excepted)

at 8 A. M. for Norfolk via Old Point. Touches at Portsmouth going and returning.

SEMI-WEEKLY LINE TO NEWRERNE AND WASHINGTON, N. C.

The Steamer NEWBERNE leaves Norfolk every Monday at 6 A.M., for NEWBERNE, SOUTH
CREEK and WASHINGTON, and the Steamer PAMLICO every Thursday at 6 A. M. for MACKLEY'S,
WASHINGTON and NEWBERNE. Returning, Steamers leave Newberne everv Fridav and Tuesday
for Norfolk direct. Connects at WASHINGTON with the Company's Steamers COTTON PLANT and
PITT, for GREENVILLE and and all landings on TAR RIVER, and at NEWBERNE with the Atlan-
tic and North Carolina R.R., for Beuafort, Kinston, La Grange and other stations.

4EJ- Freight received daily, forwarded promptly, and lowest rates guaranteed to destination.

THOS. H. WEBB, Agent,

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 151

HIT J^T'1F^'1S5*«B

Regular Line Steamships

(TBI-WEEKLY)

DIRECT ^£e N^ LINE

NORFOLK, RICHMOND,

CITY POINT, PETERSBURG,

usk.3\rx>

PHILADELPHIA,

Fall River and Providence!

ALSO BETWEEN

NEW YORK

HAVANA, Cuba, HAYTI AND SAN DOMINGO.
WILMINGTON, N. C, CHARLESTON, S. C.

THROUGH BILLS LADING AND THROUGH RATES GIVEN.

WI. P. CLYDE & CO„ General Managers,
35 Broadway, New York. 12 South Wharves, Philadelphia.
JAMES W. Mc( ARRICK, Agent at Norfolk and Richmond, Ya.

152 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

iflAM Mill

TO

Boston, Providence, Washington,

AND

FALL and WINTER ARRANGEMENT !

For BOSTON, The MERCHANTS' & MINERS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY

are now running their New and Splendid First-class Freight and Passenger

Steamships,
DECATUR H. MILLER, Capt. S. Howes,

JOHNS HOPKINS, Capt. W. A. Hallett,

WILLIAM CRANE, Capt. F. M. Howes,

GEORGE APPOLD, Capt. W. Loveland,

WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Capt. J. S. March, Jr.

Leaving the Company's Wharf NOKFOLK, every TUESDAY and FRIDAY, at 3
o'clock P.M., connecting at BOSTON with CUNARD, WARREN and LEYLAND
LINES, for LIVERPOOL, and to which point THROUGH BILLS OF LADING
are issned.

FOR FROVIDENOS.

A freight Steamer leaves NORFOLK for PROVIDENCE, every WEDNESDAY
and SATURDAY at 1 o'clock P.M.

FOR WASHINGTON, D.C.

THE ELEGANT IKON STEAMER

Capt. T. B. TRAYERS,

LEAVES THE BOSTON STEAMERS' WHARF,

Every TUESDAY, THURSDAY and SATURDAY, at 4 o'clock P.M.
FOR WASHINGTON, D. C.

For further information, apply to

V. I>. GRONER, Agent.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

15;

BALTIMOR

BAY LINE

FLORIDA,
CAROLINA,
VIRGINIA.

TRANSIT,
ROANOKE,
SEABOARD,
WESTOYER,

Daily Passenger and Fast Freight Route

BETWEEN BALTIMORE, OLD POINT, NORFOLK, PORTSMOUTH, AND ALL
POINTS SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST.

Passenger Steamers leave BALTIMORE daily (except Sundays) from foot of Unior Dock, at 7 P.M.
and from Canton Wharf at 9 P.M. on arrival of Express Train, which leaves NEW YORK at 4 P.M.
and PHILADELPHIA at 6 P.M.

Passengers leave WASHINGTON at 5:30 P. M. connecting with Steamer at Canton Wharf. Connect
at PORTSMOUTH with Express train, Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, for all points South.

Going NORTH leave NORFOLK at 4 P.M. PORTSMOUTH, 5:45 P.M. and connects at Canton
Wharf, BALTIMORE, with Express train for PHILADELPHIA and NEW YORK, reaching Philadel-
phia at II A.M. and NEW YORK at 2 P.M. BAY LINE also connects at BALTIMORE for WASH-
INGTON CITY and all points WEST and NORTH-WEST.

THE BAY LINE DAILY FREIGHT ROUTE

Connects BALTIMORE via the Virginia and Tennessee Air Line at NORFOLK, with all points in
South Side and South-Western Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and [Mississippi ; and with the
Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line at PORTSMOUTH, with all points in North and South
Carolina, Georgia and all points South and South-West.

■6®= Freight received and forwarded twice daily, (except Sundays.)

R. B. COOKE, Agent, Norfolk.
R. L. POOR, General Freight Agent, Baltimore.
D. J. HILL, Superintendent, Baltimore.

DAILY FAST FREIGHT ROUTE BETWEEN

PHILADELPHIA, NORFOLK AND PORTSMOUTH.

Connecting PHILADELPHIA at NORFOLK with the Virginia and Tennessee Air Line, and at
PORTSMOUTH with the Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line, for all points South and South-
West, aver which Lines THROUGH BILLS LADING and RATES are issued as low as any other Line,

To insure dispatch, mark and ship your goods via CANTON INSIDE LINE. Goods received in
Philadelphia at depots of P. W. & B. R.R. ; in Norfolk and Portsmouth, at wharves of BAY LINE.

TRUCK is received for Philadelphia on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays,
^®=For particulars enquire of

JOHN S. WILSON, General Agent,

5th and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia.

154

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

NORTH CAROLINA STEAM LINES.

Steamer HARBINGER, Capt. M. E. CREGG, hereafter will leave the wharf foot
of Commerce Street, every Monday and Thursday at 0 A.M., for HERTFORD and
BELVIDERE, N. C.

Steamer ENTERPRISE, Capt. C. R. JONES, will hereafter leave the wharf at
the foot of Commerce, Street, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 6 A.M., for
ELIZABETH CITY, N. C, and intermediate points via Dismal Swamp Canal.

Steamer CURRITUCK, Capt. J. J. JONES, hereafter will leave the wharf, at foot
of Commerce St., every Thursday evening for WINDSOR and all points on the Cashie
River, N. C.

Freights received daily. For further information apply to

W. Y. JOHNSON, Agent.

VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT COMPANY.

Cheapest and most comfortable route to RICHMOND and a" points West, viaC. & 0. Railroad*

43~Beantiful views of historic and war scenery along James River.-1©!*
Steamer leaves CLYDE'S WHARF TRI-WEEKLY, touching at Portsmouth.

L. B. TATUM, Supt., Richmond. J. W. McCARRICK, Agent, Norfolk.

TTlSriDIEI*. THIE ATLANTIC HIOTEIi,

NORFOLK, VA.

Railroad and Steamboat Tickets to all Points.

STATEROOMS SECURED AND BAGGAGE CHECKED FROM HOTELS AND RESIDENCES.

CARRIAGES FURNISHED ON ORDERS.

119 MAIN STREET, and (JO ROANOKE AVENUE, NORFOLK, VA.
REMODELED THROUGHOUT.

■Always mi band ;i select stock of Wines, Liquors and Cigars. Lunch Daily, from 11 to 1. .-.■»-

L. R. GIBSON, Proprietor.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 155

the oiiB mmiLmXM.'mmmm i

Virginiaand Tennessee Air Line

MST FMEMMT MMM

PROM

Boston, Providence, New York,
Philadelphia and Baltimore,

AND FROM

Norfolk, Petersburg, Richmond | Lynchburg,

TO ALL POINTS

SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST!

Through Rates Given, and Quick Time Made. All Claims
for Losses, Damages or Overcharges promptly adjusted.

THIS LINE IS COMPOSED OF

Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co., from Providence ; Old Dominion Steamship
Co., from New York ; Phila. Wilmington & Baltimore R.R., and Clyde Line Steamers
from Philadelphia; Baltimore Steam Packet Co., from Baltimore; Atlantic, Mississippi
& Ohio R.E.; East Tenn. Va. & Georgia R.R.; Memphis & Charleston R.R.; Nashville,
Chat. <* St. Louis R.R.; Western & Atlantic R.R.; Selma, Rome & Dalton R.R.; Ala-
bama Central R.R.; Vicksburg & Meridian R.R.: Mobile & Ohio R.R.; New Orleans,
St. Louis & Chicago R.E.; and their connections.

Have Your Goods Marked- V. & T. AIR LINE.

AGENTS:

i W. P. c
I W. M.

W. T. PAYNE, Agent Claims and Expenses, Norfolk Va.

C. P. GAITHER, .... 240 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON

E. H. ROCKWELL, INDIA POINT, PROVIDENCE

THOMAS PINCKNEY, General Agent, - 303 BROADWAY, NEW YORK

JOHN S. WILSON, .... 44 S FIFTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA
W P. CLYDE & CO . - 12 SOUTH WHARVES, PHILADELPHIA

W. M. LAWSON, - - 157 W BALTIMORE STREET, BALTIMORE

BEFORE PURCHASING TICKETS ELSEWHERE CALL AT THE

riCKEl

(Santos' 33-u.xlci.ixxs;, AXaiu Street.)

Tickets on sale to all Local Stations. Through Tickets to points West, North-west,
South. South-west, and Texas Points. Baggage Checked to destination.

156 NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE;

OIT YOUR TICBBT9

OVER THE

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.

The Shortest and Cheapest Route Westward

TO
CINCINNATI, INDIANAPOLIS,

CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS,

OMAHA, LOUISVILLE,

TEXAS, CALIFORNIA,

AND ALL POINTS ON THE

Trans- Mississippi States and Territories.

^^{Q^^^^^~^^^~-^^^-.^^. The only Route via the

<^^^^-ifitg»-i^||^^fe) liMiKIlii: WHITE SULPHUR

'^BEWS^ Wash i ngton&R ich mond.

It has first-class road-bed and superstructure, and all modern improve-
ments in equipment. It passes through the beautiful and magnificent scenery
of the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Mountains, and near the most celebrated
watering places of the Virginias. It has smooth track, light grades and
gentle curvatures throughout.

Emigrants, as well as the general traveling public, save in money, and
gain in comfort and pleasure by taking this route.

e@~ Tickets on Sale and Baggage Checked
Through at all Principal Ticket Offices.

^or special information, concerning rates, time-schedules, &c, &c,

address

W. TALBOT WALKE, C. E. YEATMAN,

Ticket Agent, Norfolk, Va. Agent, Norfolk, Va.

J. C. DAME, CONWAY R. HOWARD,

Southern Agent, Richmond, Va. G. P. & T. A. Richmond, Va.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES.

157

:, va.

EXPRESS FREIGHT LINE

BETWEEN ALL POINTS

North and South !

STEAMSHIPS TO PORTSMOUTH, THENCE IN THROUGH

CARS VIA RALEIGH, HAMLET, CHARLOTTE,

ATLANTA, AND ALL POINTS SOUTH

AND SOUTH-WEST.

SHIP from the NORTH by the following LINES :

BOSTON— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company,
PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore S. S. Co.,
NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company,
PHILADELPHIA— Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad,

" Clyde Line,

BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Pac et Company.

For further information apply to the following Agents of the Line :

AGENTS:

C. P. GAITHER, - - - 240 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON,

S. C. WILSON, -271 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

JOHN S. WILSON, - COR. 5th and CHESTNUT STS., PHILADELPHIA.
J. R. BLAND. ... -|| GERMAN STREET, BALTIMORE.

JAS. F. MAUPIN, - GENERAL FORWARDING AGENT, PORTSMOUTH, VA.
O.V.SMITH, - GENERAL TRACE AGENT, PORTSMOUTH, VA.

F. W. CLARK, General Agent.

1 58

NORFOLK AS A BUSINESS CENTRE

IILII

D

IIIIIU

I

FORMING PART OF THE

GREAT SOUTHERN MAIL AND KENNESAW ROUTES,

SURPASSES ALL OTHERS RUNNING BETWEEN THE

MM M

AND THE

SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST

In Grandeur of Mountain Scenery, Beauty of Valleys and Streams, Alti-
tude of Country Traversed, Smoothness and Safety of Track,
Elegance of Equipment, and all other essentials constituting

PERFECTION IN RAILWAY TRAVEL !

Pullman Sleeping Cars on all Night Trains. Comfortable thorough-fare
cars on clay trains. Tickets as cheap and time as good as by other routes.

THE ESPECIAL ATTENTION OF SHIPPERS OF

o m jl cs o o ,

RESIDING IN

LYNCHBURG-, DANVILLE,

FARMVILLE, PETERSBURG, and

RICHMOND, VA.

IS CALLED TO OUR LOW RATES

FOR SHIPPING ALL KINDS OF TOBACCO

TO TEXAS

AND ALL OTHER POINTS

south: & SOUTH-WEST.

WE SHIP IN WATER-PROOF CARS and give Through Bills of Lading- to

all points, guaranteeing satisfaction in all cases. Therefore, look

to your interests, and continue to mark your shipments via

"VIRGINIA AND TENNESSEE AIR LINE."

FRANK HUGER, Master of Transportation, Lynchhurg, Va.

N. M. OSBORNE, Master of Transportation, Petersburg, Va.

L. S. BROWN, General Traveling Agent, Lynchhurg, Va.

ITS PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES AND TRADES. 159

THE GREAT

TUN

Via PORTSMOUTH, VA.

TO AND FROM

Boston, Providence, New York,

PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, NORFOLK,

AND ALL

Eastern Cities

TO ALL POINTS

South and South- West.

Observe the following excellent Schedule of Connections :

BOSTON— Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company,

PROVIDENCE— Providence, Norfolk and Baltimore Steamship Company,
NEW YORK— Old Dominion Steamship Company,

PHILADELPIA— Canton Inside Line via P. W. & B. R.R.,
BALTIMORE— Baltimore Steam Packet Company.

For further information apply to the following Agents of the Line :

J. S. DALEY, H. P. CLARK,

306 Washington Street, Boston. 229 Broad way,, New York.

A. W. KILGGRE, W. H. FITZGERALD,

Cor. Fifth and Chestnut Sts., Phila. 9 German St., Baltimore.

0. Y, SMITH, General Trace and Forwarding Agent,

Portsmouth, Ya.

A. POPE, General Agent.

160

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Agricultural Implements 51

Albemarle & Scuppernong Steam

Transportation Co., The '. 148

American Tobacco in England 8

Area of Norfolk City 14

Atlantic Coast Line 28

Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad,

23, 24, 25, 26

Bakeries Ill

Baltimore Steam Packet Co 146

Baltimore & Roanoke Steamboat Co.. .148

Banks and Bankers 58,59, 60

Barlow's Landing on Roanoke Island,

6, 7

Books and Stationery 115

Boots and Shoes 102

Canals •■ 48

Canton Inside Line 147

Capes Charles and Henry, Old Point-
Cape Fear 6

Comfort and James River, named.... 12

Carriage and Coach Builders 71, 72

Chesapeake Bay 16

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad.... 33

China and Glassware 132

Christopher Newport's arrival in

Chesapeake Bay 11

Climate of Norfolk 37, 38

Clothing and Gents' Furnishings, 122,123

Clyde Lines 147

Coal and Wood 130,131

Commission 105, 106,107

Corn 44

Cotton 46, 95, 96, 105, 106,107

Cotton Exchange 49

Depth of Water, Hampton Roads, New
York, Boston, Philadelphia, Balti-
more •■■ 18

Dismal Swamp Canal 20

Dismal Swamp Steam Transportation

Co 148

Drugs, Paints and Oils 128

Dry Goods and Notions 126

Elizabeth River 14

Exports 46, 96

Farmer's & Merchants' Steam Trans-
portation Co., The 148

Fertilizers 67

First American of English Parentage,

"Virginia Dare" 9

First Mayor and Aldermen of Nor-
folk R*

Fish and Oysters 42, 43, 70, 71

Flour, Feed and Grain 14

Page.

Foreign Trade ,...94,95, 96

Furniture, Carpets and Pianos 78

Greenville, Sir Richard 6

Groceries 54, 55

Hampton Roads 15, 17. 18

Harbor of Norfolk 17, 18,' 37

Hardware 113

Harriott, Thomas 6

Hats and Caps ...110

Hotels 73

Inland Navigation 62, 63, 64, 65

Inland and Seaboard Coasting Co 148

Insurance 117,118

Iron Works ...84, 85

James River & Kanawha Canal, what
its completion would do for Nor-
folk 19

Jamestown Settlement 11

Jefferson's Prophecy Fulfilled 48

Labor .' 40

Lane, Governor Ralph 7

" Lord of Roanoke " 8

Lumber 36

Marble Yards 124

Marine Railways 84, 85

Markets 40

Marl .■ 31

Maury, Commodore M. F 15

Merchants' & Mechanics' Exchange... 49
Merchants' & Miners' Transportation

Co 145

New Era of Manufacturing in Norfolk, 46

Newspapers 50

Norfolk Landmark, The 139

Norfolk Made a "Towne" 12, 13

" " "Borough" 13

"City" 14

Norfolk, New York and the West,

Geographically 16, 19

Norfolk and Ocean View Railroad Co., 39

Nor fo 1 k a s a Port of Entry 44

Norfolk and San Francisco 16

North Carolina Steam Lines 149

Ocean View 39

Old Dominion Steamship Co... 143

Old Point Comfort 38

Ore Mining along the Atlantic, Missis-
sippi & Ohio Railroad 32, 33

Original Boundary Lines of Norfolk... 13

Peanuts '. 30, 75, 76

Port Charges and Wharf Rents... 48

Produce Exchange 5(1

Protection Guaranteed Citizens in
1680 12

Index.

161

Page.

Railroads 21 to 36

Railroad, Steamboat and Machinist

Supplies 00

Real Estate :... 119,120

Sash, Doors and Blinds 93

Seaboard Air Line 28

Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad 27

Seedsmen, Florists and Nursery-
men 89, 90

Shipments from Memphis, via Nor-
folk 24

Site for " Norfolk To wne " selected... 13

Page.

Staves 82, 83, 84

Stoves and Tinware 99

Summer Resorts 38,39, 40

Surf Bathing 39

Tobacco and Cigars 125

Trucking 40, 41, 42, 133, 134,135

Virginia Steamboat Co 148

Virginia & Tennessee Air Line 26

Warehouses Established 11

Water Lines 143

White, Governor John 8

Wines and Liquors 121

INDEX TO' ILLUSTRATIONS.

Academy and Norfolk Library Asso-
ciation Building 36

Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal Lock, 45

Atlantic Hotel 12

Bank of Commerce 20, 35

Bell Telephone Exchange. 32

Boston Steamship Co.'s Wharf ... 47

Brickhouse & Co.'s 20

Burrow's, John W 38

Burruss, Son & Co.'s 35

Cherry, D. S. & Co.'s 24

Citizen's Bank 32

City Hall 6

Commerce Street, (Water to Main

streets) 20

Corprew & Hunter's 20

Custom House and Post Office 15

Davis, M. L. T. & Co.'s 17

Fastham, Powell & Co.'s 20

Exchange National Bank, The 27, 35

Eire Department and Board of Water

Commissioner's Building 25

Grandy, C. W. & Sons' inset

Gresham, S. S. & Son's 39

Harbor, Rooking out) ... 7

" ( '' towards Navy Yard).. 14

Hospital St. Vincent De Paul 29

Hygeia Hotel, ( Old Point ) 8

Jordan's C. T. & L. W 32

Liverpool Steamers Wharf 47

Loughran's, J. B 43

Main Street, (Atlantic to Commerce).. 35
" " (Bank to Atlantic streets) 32

" " ( " " Church ") 32

(West from Church") 10

Page.

Mapp& Co.'s 22

Market Square, (looking from Bank

street) 28

Naval (U.S.) Hospital 40

Norfolk Virginian, (Newspaper) 21

Old Dominion Lace Factory 30

Power, James & Co.'s 87

Providence Steamers' Wharf 47

Public Ledger, (Newspaper) 32

Purcell House 37

Quimby Market 18

Reid, James & Co.'s 23

Santos', M. A. & C. A 35

St. Mary's (Catholic) Church 11

St. Paul's (Episcopal) Church, erected

in 1739 9

Stevens, S. A. & Co.'s 13

Thayer's Livery Stable 42

Upshur's Guano Factory, Portsmouth, 19

Virginia Iron Works 16

Washington Steamer's 'Wharf. 47

Water street (East from Commerce).. 17

Water Front, (Section of) 47

Water Street, (West from Roanoke

Avenue) 39

Weller & Co.'s 41

White, S. E. & Bro.'s 39

Williams, T. A. Co.'s 31

Wrenn, A. & Son's 25

[Note. — Read 24 and 26 Union street,
instead of Water.]
Wrenn, Whitehurst & Co.'s 33

[Note. — Read 28 and 30 Union street,
instead of Water.]

1(32

INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.

Page.
Albemarle & Chesapeake Canal Co... 66

Allen, W. F. & Co 55

Atlantic Coast Line 159

Atlantic Hotel 73

Atlantic, Mississippi & OhioBailroad,158
Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad

Ticket Office 155

Bachrach Photo-Engraving Co., The..l35
Baltimore Steam Packet Co., (Bay

Line).. 153

Bank of Commerce 61

Bell's New York Cash Store 128

Biggs, Kader & Co 110

Billups, C 52

Borland & Brooke 142

Boston, Providence & Washington

Lines 152

Briekhouse, S. N 102

Burrow, John W 129

Burruss, Son & Co 60

Butt, James M 92

Citizens' Bank 61

Canton Inside Line 153

Chapel Street Market, W. H. Davis,

Proprietor .....103

Cherry, D. S. & Co 100

Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 156

Corley, James L 118

Corprew & Hunter 127

Club House 122

Clyde Lines 151

Dalziel & Markley ...142

Davis, M. L. T. & Co 57

Dobie & Cooke 109

Eastham, Powell & Co 56

Elizabeth Iron Works, T. W. Pett.it,

Proprietor 88

Evans & Burwell 115

Fxcelsior Cigar Factory, L. R. Kilby,

Proprietor 126

Exchange National Bank, The 60

Farmers' Bank 61

Francis & Bro 110

Carnage, .1. 0 93

Coodridge, Field & Co 115

Graves, Win. A. 88

Gresham, S. S. & Son 109

Grandy, C. W. & Sons inset

Hall, A. E. "'. Co 82

Hall, John P 125

Hi dreth, George H 81

Home Savings Bank, The 61

Howard & Bro 135

Humphreys, David 119

Hygeia Hotel. (Old Point, Virginia)... 74
Jordan, C. T. & L. W 123

Page.

Klepper, Joseph 122

Lamb, Wm. & Co 98

Leigh Bros. & Phelps 120

Loughran, J. B 80

Lipscomb, Charles W 82

Liverpool, Memphis & Norfolk Steam-
ship Line 97

Luther's Saloon 154

Mapp & Co 101

McBlair & Co 131

McCullough, A. A -..132

Myers & Co 99

Norfolk Sunday Gazette, The 137

" Iron Works, Geo. W. Duval,

Proprietor 89

Norfolk Landmark, The ....139

" Steam Bakery, James Reid &

Co., Proprietors 112

Norfolk Virginian, The 140

North Carolina Steam Transportation

Co. 149

North Carolina Steam Lines 154

Nottingham & Wrenn 131

Old Atlantic Foundry, W. A. Ander-
son, Proprietor 88

Old Dominion Steamship Co 150

Pearce, Allen & Borum 110

Perry, J. W 109

Peters & Reed 84

Portner's Tivoli Beer 122

Portsmouth Daily Times, The 137

Enterprise, The 142

Power, James & Co 87

Public Ledger, The 138

Purcell House 75

Quimby Market, E. M. Quimby, Pro-
prietor 104

Rawlins, Whitehurst & Co... 62

Reid, Charles & Son 68

Reynolds Bros 97

Rowland Bros 55

Salomonsky & Co 124

Santos, M. A. & C. A 130

Seaboard Air Line 157

Seaboard Insurance Co.., 118

Seldner, S. W 121

Sheldon, Luther (inside front cover)

South Atlantic Magazine The, Wil-
mington, North Carolina 138

Stevens, S. A. & Co 79

Stevens, Wm Ill

Tait. George 90

Taylor, Elliott & Watters IB'.

Taylor, George W. & Co 131

Taylor, Washington & Co 58

Thayer's Stables 136

Index.

163

Page.

Tidewater Times, The 137

Tredwell, Mallory & King 108

Upshur, C. L 69

Vaughan, A. M. & Son 119

Vermillion, John 121

Virginia Granger, The 137

Iron Works The, T. W. Godwin

& Co., Proprietors 86

Virginian Printing House 141

Virginia Steamboat Co 154

" & Tennessee Air Line 155

Walke &Son 119

Walke's. Railroad and Steamboat

Page.

Ticket Office : 154

Walke & Williams 130

Weller & Co 77

White, E. V. & Co 91

White & Garnett 142

White, S. R. & Bro 53

Whitehead, Son & Co 103

Whitehurst, C. W. & Co 103

Williams, T. A. & Co 58

Windsor, C. Hall 116

Woodis, H. R 121

Wrenn, A. & Son 72

Wrenn, Whitehurst & Co 54

VITH THEIR PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS.

: ii[i;--i.v lull

C^IE^Y "W". JONES.

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